Barron's: Chapter 7 - Cognition Flashcards

1
Q

memory

A
  • distributed around the cortex
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2
Q

three-box/information-processing model

A
  • proposes the three stages that information passes through before it is stored
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3
Q

levels of processing model

A
  • describes memory recall of stimuli as a function of the depth of mental processing
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4
Q

sensory memory

A
  • a split-second holding tank for incoming sensory information
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5
Q

iconic memory

A
  • a split-second perfect photograph of a scene
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6
Q

selective attention

A
  • determines which sensory messages get encoded
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7
Q

echoic memory

A
  • an equally brief (3-4 second) memory for sounds
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8
Q

short-term memory (working memory)

A
  • the capacity for holding, but not manipulating, a small amount of information in mind in an active, readily available state for a short period of time
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9
Q

chunking

A
  • if you want to remember a list, you would group the items into no more than seven groups
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10
Q

mnemonic devices

A
  • techniques a person can use to help them improve their ability to remember something
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11
Q

rehearsal

A
  • repeat something so you remember it
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12
Q

long-term memory

A
  • our permanent storage of memories
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13
Q

episodic memory

A
  • memories of specific events, storied in a sequential series of events
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14
Q

semantic

A
  • general knowledge of the world, stored as facts, meanings, or categories rather than sequentially
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15
Q

procedural memory

A
  • memories of skills and how to perform them. these memories are sequential but might be very complicated to describe in words
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16
Q

explicit memories (also called declarative memories)

A
  • what we usually think of first, they are conscious memories of facts or events we actively tried to remember
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17
Q

implicit memories (also called nondeclarative moments)

A
  • unintentional memories that we might not even realized we have
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18
Q

eidetic, or photographic, memory

A
  • one is able to perfectly and indestructiblt recall images
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19
Q

retrieval

A
  • getting information out of memory so we can use it
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20
Q

recognition

A
  • the process of matching a current event or fact with one already in memory
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21
Q

recall

A
  • retrieving a memory with an external cue
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22
Q

primary effect

A
  • predicts that we are more likely to recall items presented at the beginning of a list
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23
Q

recency effect

A
  • demonstrates our ability to recall the items at the end of a list
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24
Q

serial position effect (also called serial position curve)

A
  • effect is seen when recall of a list is affected by the order of items in a list
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25
Q

tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

A
  • temporary inability to remember information
26
Q

semantic network theory

A
  • states that our brain might form new memories by connecting their meaning and context with meanings already in memory
27
Q

flashbulb memories

A
  • a detailed and vivid memory that is stored on one occasion and retained for a lifetime
28
Q

state-dependent memory

A
  • refers to the phenomenon of recalling events encoded while in particular states of consciousness
29
Q

mood congruent memory

A
  • the greater likelihood of recalling an item when our mood matched the mood we were in when the event happened
30
Q

constructed (or reconstructed memory)

A
  • can report false details of a real event or might even be a recollection of an event that never occured
31
Q

relearning effect

A
  • if you would have to memorize something again, it would take you less time than it did the first time you studied them
32
Q

retroactive interference

A
  • learning new information interferes with the recall of older information
33
Q

proactive interference

A
  • older information learned previously interferes with the recall of information learned more recently
34
Q

anterograde amnesia

A
  • people cannot encode new memories but they can recall events already in memory
35
Q

retrograde amnesia

A
  • a loss of memory-access to events that occurred, or information that was learned, before an injury or the onset of a disease
36
Q

long-term potentiation

A
  • a persistent strengthening of synapses based on recent patterns of activity
37
Q

phonemes

A
  • the smallest units of sound used in a language
38
Q

morphemes

A
  • the smallest unit of meaningful sound
39
Q

syntax

A
  • words are spoken or written in a particular order
40
Q

language acquisition

A
  • the process by which humans acquire the capacity to perceive and comprehend language, as well as to produce and use words and sentences to communicate
41
Q

overgeneralization or overregularization

A
  • a part of the language-learning process in which children extend regular grammatical patterns to irregular words
42
Q

language acquisition device

A
  • the ability to learn a language rapidly as children
43
Q

linguistic relativity hypothesis

A
  • the language we use might control, and in some ways limit, our thinking
44
Q

prototypes

A
  • what we think is the most typical example of a particular concept
45
Q

images

A
  • the mental pictures we create in our minds of the outside world
46
Q

algorithm

A
  • a rule that guarantees the right solution by using a formula or other foolproof method
47
Q

heuristic

A
  • a rule that is generally, but not always, true that we can use to make judgment in a situation
48
Q

representativeness heuistic

A
  • judging a situation based on how similar the aspects are to prototypes the person holds in his or her mind
49
Q

belief bias or belief preserverance

A
  • concern our tendency not to change our beliefs in the face of contradictory evidence
50
Q

functional fixedness

A
  • the inability to see a new use for an object
51
Q

confirmation bias

A
  • we tend to look for evidence that confirms our beliefs and ignore evidence that contradicts what we think is true
52
Q

convergent thinking

A
  • thinking pointed towards one solution
53
Q

divergent thinking

A
  • thinking that searches for multiple possible answers to a question
54
Q

availability heuristic

A
  • judging a situation based on examples of similar situation that come to mind initially
55
Q

George Sperling

A
  • he documented the existence of iconic memory (one of the sensory memory subtypes)
56
Q

George Miller

A
  • he established the average number of 7 items that we can remember with short term memory
57
Q

Alexandra Luria

A
  • was one of the founders of Cultural-Historical Psychology
58
Q

Hermann Ebbinghaus

A
  • he was a German psychologist who pioneered the experimental study of memory
59
Q

Noam Chomsky

A
  • theorized that humans are born with a language acquisition device
60
Q

Elizabeth Loftus

A
  • cognitive psychologist and expert on human memory
61
Q

Benjamin Whorf

A
  • theorized that the language we use might control, and in some ways limit, our thinking
62
Q

Wolfgang Kohler

A
  • he documented details of the “aha experience”