Barron's: Chapter 7 - Cognition Flashcards
1
Q
memory
A
- distributed around the cortex
2
Q
three-box/information-processing model
A
- proposes the three stages that information passes through before it is stored
3
Q
levels of processing model
A
- describes memory recall of stimuli as a function of the depth of mental processing
4
Q
sensory memory
A
- a split-second holding tank for incoming sensory information
5
Q
iconic memory
A
- a split-second perfect photograph of a scene
6
Q
selective attention
A
- determines which sensory messages get encoded
7
Q
echoic memory
A
- an equally brief (3-4 second) memory for sounds
8
Q
short-term memory (working memory)
A
- the capacity for holding, but not manipulating, a small amount of information in mind in an active, readily available state for a short period of time
9
Q
chunking
A
- if you want to remember a list, you would group the items into no more than seven groups
10
Q
mnemonic devices
A
- techniques a person can use to help them improve their ability to remember something
11
Q
rehearsal
A
- repeat something so you remember it
12
Q
long-term memory
A
- our permanent storage of memories
13
Q
episodic memory
A
- memories of specific events, storied in a sequential series of events
14
Q
semantic
A
- general knowledge of the world, stored as facts, meanings, or categories rather than sequentially
15
Q
procedural memory
A
- memories of skills and how to perform them. these memories are sequential but might be very complicated to describe in words
16
Q
explicit memories (also called declarative memories)
A
- what we usually think of first, they are conscious memories of facts or events we actively tried to remember
17
Q
implicit memories (also called nondeclarative moments)
A
- unintentional memories that we might not even realized we have
18
Q
eidetic, or photographic, memory
A
- one is able to perfectly and indestructiblt recall images
19
Q
retrieval
A
- getting information out of memory so we can use it
20
Q
recognition
A
- the process of matching a current event or fact with one already in memory
21
Q
recall
A
- retrieving a memory with an external cue
22
Q
primary effect
A
- predicts that we are more likely to recall items presented at the beginning of a list
23
Q
recency effect
A
- demonstrates our ability to recall the items at the end of a list
24
Q
serial position effect (also called serial position curve)
A
- effect is seen when recall of a list is affected by the order of items in a list
25
tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
- temporary inability to remember information
26
semantic network theory
- states that our brain might form new memories by connecting their meaning and context with meanings already in memory
27
flashbulb memories
- a detailed and vivid memory that is stored on one occasion and retained for a lifetime
28
state-dependent memory
- refers to the phenomenon of recalling events encoded while in particular states of consciousness
29
mood congruent memory
- the greater likelihood of recalling an item when our mood matched the mood we were in when the event happened
30
constructed (or reconstructed memory)
- can report false details of a real event or might even be a recollection of an event that never occured
31
relearning effect
- if you would have to memorize something again, it would take you less time than it did the first time you studied them
32
retroactive interference
- learning new information interferes with the recall of older information
33
proactive interference
- older information learned previously interferes with the recall of information learned more recently
34
anterograde amnesia
- people cannot encode new memories but they can recall events already in memory
35
retrograde amnesia
- a loss of memory-access to events that occurred, or information that was learned, before an injury or the onset of a disease
36
long-term potentiation
- a persistent strengthening of synapses based on recent patterns of activity
37
phonemes
- the smallest units of sound used in a language
38
morphemes
- the smallest unit of meaningful sound
39
syntax
- words are spoken or written in a particular order
40
language acquisition
- the process by which humans acquire the capacity to perceive and comprehend language, as well as to produce and use words and sentences to communicate
41
overgeneralization or overregularization
- a part of the language-learning process in which children extend regular grammatical patterns to irregular words
42
language acquisition device
- the ability to learn a language rapidly as children
43
linguistic relativity hypothesis
- the language we use might control, and in some ways limit, our thinking
44
prototypes
- what we think is the most typical example of a particular concept
45
images
- the mental pictures we create in our minds of the outside world
46
algorithm
- a rule that guarantees the right solution by using a formula or other foolproof method
47
heuristic
- a rule that is generally, but not always, true that we can use to make judgment in a situation
48
representativeness heuistic
- judging a situation based on how similar the aspects are to prototypes the person holds in his or her mind
49
belief bias or belief preserverance
- concern our tendency not to change our beliefs in the face of contradictory evidence
50
functional fixedness
- the inability to see a new use for an object
51
confirmation bias
- we tend to look for evidence that confirms our beliefs and ignore evidence that contradicts what we think is true
52
convergent thinking
- thinking pointed towards one solution
53
divergent thinking
- thinking that searches for multiple possible answers to a question
54
availability heuristic
- judging a situation based on examples of similar situation that come to mind initially
55
George Sperling
- he documented the existence of iconic memory (one of the sensory memory subtypes)
56
George Miller
- he established the average number of 7 items that we can remember with short term memory
57
Alexandra Luria
- was one of the founders of Cultural-Historical Psychology
58
Hermann Ebbinghaus
- he was a German psychologist who pioneered the experimental study of memory
59
Noam Chomsky
- theorized that humans are born with a language acquisition device
60
Elizabeth Loftus
- cognitive psychologist and expert on human memory
61
Benjamin Whorf
- theorized that the language we use might control, and in some ways limit, our thinking
62
Wolfgang Kohler
- he documented details of the "aha experience"
