Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Undeleted > Bio day 10 > Flashcards

Bio day 10 Flashcards

0
Q

an organism’s observable traits (determined by genotype and enbrironment)

A

phenotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

genotype

A

the genetic makeup responsibile for a particular train

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

genetic material coding for a single gene product(peptide, rRNA, tRNA)

A

gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

the chromosomal location of a gene

A

locus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

one variant of a gene

A

allele

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

chromosomes that code for the same set of genees, may be different alleles though(one from each parent)

A

homologous chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

having tow identical alleles for a gene

A

homozygous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

having two different alleles for a gene

A

heterozygous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

the normal or most prebalent allel in a population

A

wild type

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

an allele where only one copy is necessary to yield the corresponding phenotype

A

dominant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

an allele where two copies are necessary to yeild the corresponding phenotype

A

recessive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

when a heterozygote has the pheotype of only 1 of the alleles ( the dominant one)

A

complete dominance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

both inherited alleles are complelty expressed (ex. blood type)

A

codominance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

phenotypes of the progeny that are intermediate of the parental phenotypes(snap dragons- homozygous red crossed with homozygous white gives pink)

A

incomplete dominance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

when a loss of function mutation doesnt result in complete lack of a phenotype

A

leakage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

the percentage of organisms having a certain genotype expressing a certain phenotype

A

penetrance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

a term describing the variation in phenotpye amoung organims with a given genotype

A

expressivity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

whan a single gene affects multiple traits

A

pleiotropism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

when multiple genes affect a single trait

A

polygenism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

when the expression of a gene is dependent upon another gene

A

epistatsis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

the set of all alleles in a population

A

gene pool

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

interphase…meiosis 1… meiosis 2

A

diploidXX… haploidX…. haploid L.L…

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

G1 Protein and nucleic acid synthesis to prepare for replications producation of organelles

A

interphase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

S DNA replication

A

Interphase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Recombination happens in...
Prophase I
25
longest phase, chromosemes condense and tetra fomraiton (homologous pairs), disappearance of the nuclear envelope and polarization of the centrioles (MTOC's)
Prophase I
26
Chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate, spindle fibers attach at centromeres via kinetochores
metaphase I
27
spindle fibers PULL HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES APART towards the centrioles... clevage furrow beings forming
Anaphase 1
28
nuclear membranes reform, completion of cytokinesis
telephase i
29
chromosemes condense, disappearance of the nuclear envelope and polarization of the centrioles
Prophase II
30
chromoseomes line up on metaphase plate, spindle fibers attach at centromeres via kinetochores
metaphase II
31
spindle fibers PULL SISTER CHROMATIDS APART towards the centrioles, cleavage furrow begins forming
anaphase II
32
nuclear membranes reform, completino of cytokinesis
telephase II
33
failure of tetrads to separate during meiosis I or sister chromatids in meiosis II..... Down syndrom, turner syndrome, Kleinfelter syndrome
nondisjuction
34
movement of a segment of one chromosome to another non-homologous chromosomes
translocation
35
separation of alleles into haploid gametes
law of segregation
36
genes assort independently to the progeny
law of independent assortment
37
leads to new cobinations of alleles, occurs during prophase 1 of meiosis, exchange of segments from homolougous chromosomes
recombination
38
genes on the same chromosome won't necessarily undergo independent assortment, the closer together on the chromosome the greater the linkage btw genes, the likelihood of recombination occurring btw two genes increase with the distance in teh genes
linkes genes
39
ofspring (female) have only a single X chromomes resulting from nondisjunction
Turner Syndrome(X)
40
offspring(male) XXY have an extra X crhomosome resulting from nondisjunction
kleinfelter
41
any genetic disorders coded by the mitochondrial DNA will be passed on to all offspring
mitochondrial inheritance... only mother.
42
mutations
most mutations are deleterious to the cell.... translational, transcriptional errors
43
a single base substitution
point mutation
44
point mutation leading to a codon coding for a different amino acid
missense mutation
45
point muattion leading to a premature stop codon
nonsense mutation
46
insertion or deletion leading to a change in teh reading frame of a gene
frameshift muations
47
low level of natural mutations that occur during replication.. random error
mutations in replication
48
metabolic disorders caused by muations
inborn errors fo metabolism
49
an agent that causes mutations
mutagen
50
an agent that can cause cancer
carcinogen
51
allele frequenceies remain constatn in a gene pool for a population in equilibrium
hardy weinberg equilibrium
52
hardy weinburg equilibrium
p+q=1
53
equation hardy
p^2+2pq+q^2=1
54
assumptions for equilbirium
1. Random Mating 2. No mutations 3. No selection ( natural or otherwise) 4. No migration 5. Large population size... no genetic drift
55
the ability of an organism to pass on its alleles
fitness
56
differential reporduction of an organism based upon fitness in its environment... the alleles that confer firtness will increase in frequency in the gene pool over time
natural selection
57
selection against the extremes.. for the averages
stabilizing selection
58
selection against teh avgs
disruptive (divergent) selection
59
selection against one extreme (but favoring the opposite extreme)
directional selection
60
directional selection done by humnas with selecting for traits in animals and crops
artificial selection
61
differential mating btw males and females
sexual selection
62
group of organsims that are capable of interbreeding to produce fit offspring
species
63
barrieres preventing members of different species from producing fit offspring
reproductive isolation
64
the existence of multiple phenotypes within a population
polymorphism
65
an inherited trait that confers greater fitness
adaptation
66
an adaptation to a specific function or environment
specialiization
67
the sum of the environmental requiremnts required for a species to persist, includes habitat, predators, prey, thought of as being unique for each species
ecological niche
68
increased likelihood of mating btw organisms w similar genotypes
inbreeding
69
increased likelihood of mating btw organism w different genotypes
outbreeding
70
random change in allel frquencies in a population, smaller populaitons are more suseptible to it...
genetic shift
71
dramatic decrease in size of a population making it suseptible to genetic drift
bottleneck
72
two species possess the same analogous structures unrealated to a common ancestor
convergaent evolution
73
divergence leading to distinct populations/species
divergent evolution
74
similar evolutionary changes in different species due to similar environmental pressures
parallel evolution
75
when a species requres another species as a host to live, harming the host in the process
parasitism
76
an organism requres another species as a host to live w no harm or benefit to the host
commernsalism
77
symbiotic relationship btw two organisms that confers fitness to both
mutualism
78
similarities in stages of develoment
ontogeny
79
ontogeny can be used to determine evolutionary relationships btw organisms
phylogeny
80
life was seeded extraterrestrially (meteors, cosmic dust,....)
panspermia
81
Miller-urey experiments
organic molecules can be produces form a simple mexture of gases and electricity... formeldehyde, urea, and other result
82
lipid bylayers
spontaneously form in aqueous solution via self assembly
83
orignial gentic material
RNA
84
What attributes do we associate with life?
1. heredity and reproduction 2. being distince from its environment 3. capable of growth and development 4. the ability to respond to stimuli from the environment 5. capable of homeostasis and regulation

Undeleted (56 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions