Lecture 1

Question 0

Individual first recognized albinism is an inhertable trait

Answer 0

Archibald Garrod

Question 1

Oculocuaneous albinism type 2 is due to

Answer 1

a defect in the OCA gene on chromosome 15…. different types of albinism, happens on certain chromosome.

Question 2

a complete set of genetic instructions for any organism
RNA or DNA
coding system for genomic information very smiliar among organisms.

Answer 2

genome

Question 3

Genome is made up of

Answer 3

RNA or DNA…. coding system for genomic information very similar among organisms..

Question 4

Transmission Genetics

Answer 4

Encompasses basic principles of heredity and how traits are passed from one generation to the next

Question 5

Molecular genetics

Answer 5

concerns the chemical nature of the gene itself and how genetic information is encoded, replicated and expressed

Question 6

population genetics

Answer 6

explores the genetic composition of groups of individual members of the same species and how that composition changes geographically and with the passage of time. It is fundamentally the study of evolution

Question 7

Early theories related to inheritance

Answer 7

Pangensis, inhertance of acquired characteristcs, preformationism, blending inheritance….. Why are each of them flawed??

Question 8

developed by Gree philosophers…. specific particles (gemmules) carry inforamtion from vaious parts of the body to repoductive organs, from which they are passed to the embryo….

Answer 8

Pangenisis

Question 9

Primarily made famous by Lamarch… Traits acquired in a person’s lifetime become incorporated into that person’s hereditary information and are passed on to offspring

Answer 9

inheritance of Acquired Characteristics

Question 10

Preformationism

Answer 10

Individuals were already pre formed, in egg or sperm, ovist vs spermist…. homonculus.

Question 11

Blending Inheritance

Answer 11

Offspring are a blend of parental traits
genetic material itself blends
once blended, genetics differences cannot be sperarted out in future generations….. male or female, clearly not blended

Question 12

germ plasm theory

Answer 12

correct, all cells contian a complete set of genetic information

Question 13

cell theory

Answer 13

correct, all life is composed of cells, and cells arise only from cells

Question 14

mendelian inheritance

Answer 14

correct, traits are inherited in accord with defined principles

Question 15

model organisms,
be familiar w each of these organism as we progress
properties,
why do they studies help us understand

Answer 15

Drosphila melanogaster
Escherichia coli
Caenorhabditis elegans
Arabidopsis thaliana
Mus musculus
Saccharoyces cerevisiae
neurospora crassa
zea rerio 
xenopus laevia

Question 16

Why are these animals desireable

?

Answer 16

Easy to contain, reproduce quickly, easy to manipulated,

Question 17

model gnetic organism

Answer 17

… oranisms with hcaracteristics that make them useful for genetic analysis,

Question 18

Common characteristics of model organisms

Answer 18

1. short generation time
2. production of numerous progeny
3. controlled genetic crosses
4. reared in a lab
5. numerous
6. lg body of knowledge about genetic system

Question 19

What are some of the implications of all organisms having similar genetic systems?

Answer 19

. That all life forms are genetically related
. That reserach findings on one organisms gene efunciton can often be applied to other organism
. that genes from one organism can often exist and thrive in another organism…
ALL the above….
Look at questions at end of chapter.

Question 20

2 types of cells

Answer 20

eukaryotic and prokaryotic

Question 21

what is a fundamental unit of heredity

Answer 21

gene

Question 22

what come from multiple forms called alleles?

Answer 22

gene

Question 23

genes confer

Answer 23

phenotype

Question 24

genetic information is carrried by

Answer 24

RNA and DNA

Question 25

genes are located

Answer 25

on chromosomes

Question 26

chromosomes are seperateee through

Answer 26

the process of mitosis and meiosis

Question 27

Permanent changes in genetic information that can be passed from one cell to another or from parent to offspring

Answer 27

mutations

Question 28

some traits are affected by

Answer 28

multiple factors

Question 29

evolution is

Answer 29

a genetic change

Question 30

gene

Answer 30

inherited determinant of the phenotype elements that control triats located at a specific position on a chromosome referred to as a locus the smallest genetic unit that exhibits the cis-trans position effect(=gene)

Question 31

allele

Answer 31

alternate form of a gene

Question 32

phenotype

Answer 32

the observable attributes of an organism; | some things can not be obsereved with the eyes... it may need a chemical analysis

Question 33

genotype

Answer 33

the genes that an organism posses

Question 34

chromosomes

Answer 34

the form of genetic material in viruses and cells; circle of DNA in prokaryotes DNA or RNA molecule in viruses A linear nucleoprotien complex in eukaryotes

Question 35

flow of genetic information

Answer 35

classical... DNA -->RNA--> Protein.... not always like this.

Question 36

Evolution

Answer 36

The change over time... changes in genetic composition... phenotype change

Question 37

Chromatin

Answer 37

condensed chromosomes.... colored substance.

Question 38

Histones

Answer 38

H1 raps and forms beaded chain. limit accessibility of enzymes and other proteins to copy and read DNA. enable DNA to fit within the nucleus . must be seperated for genetic informaiton to be accessed

Question 39

Origins of replicaiton

Answer 39

Where DNA is being replicated, the two strands split and base pairing starts...

Question 40

Prokaryotes

Answer 40

Eubacteria, and Archaea...Cells that doe not have a membrane bound nucleus

Question 41

Eukaryotes

Answer 41

membrane bound nucleus.. .mitochondria... other stuff...

Question 42

Nucleus in prokaryote

Answer 42

is absent

Question 43

prokaryote size

Answer 43

1 to 10 um in diameter

Question 44

prokaryote DNA

Answer 44

circular...

Question 45

unicellular, no membrane bound organelle

Answer 45

prokaryotes

Question 46

DNA is closely associated with

Answer 46

histones, to form tightly packed chromosomes

Question 47

Eukaryotic chromosomes are typically found

Answer 47

in pairs... The two members of a pair share the same loci and are referred to as homologous chromosed

Question 48

A set of chromosomes cosists of

Answer 48

one member of each pair of chromosomes...

Question 49

Diploid cells have

Answer 49

two complete sets of chromoses

Question 50

Haploid (monoploid) cells have

Answer 50

a single complete set of chromosomes

Question 51

Tetraploid cells have

Answer 51

four complete sets of chromosmes

Question 52

triploid cells have

Answer 52

three complete sets of chromosomes

Question 53

centromere

Answer 53

eukaryote. serves as the attachment point for spindel microtubules... used for chromosome classification... metacentri- central submetacentricic- kinda off center acrocentric- way off center telocentric. short arm and long arm. at very end... short arm P longQ

Question 54

A diploid organism has

Answer 54

two sets of chromosomes organized as homologous pairs

Question 55

Genetic information is transfered from

Answer 55

DNA to RNA to protien

Question 56

chromatin

Answer 56

DNA + Histones

Question 57

heterochromotin

Answer 57

tightly folded. can not be transcribed or replicated.

Question 58

euchromatin

Answer 58

stretched out DNA being used

Question 59

telomeres

Answer 59

the stable ends of chromosomes, provide stability, limit cell division, play a role in aging and cancer...

Question 60

centromere

Answer 60

a constricted region of chromosome where the kinetochores form and the spindle microtubules attach

Question 61

telmerase

Answer 61

...

Question 62

major functions of mitosis

Answer 62

during embryonic development, mitosis produces a stockpile of cells for embryogenesis organismal growth occurs through mitotic activity (hyperplasia)

Question 63

mitosis provieds a mechanism for

Answer 63

the relacement of damaged or worn-out cells

Question 64

Cell Cycle

Answer 64

...

Question 65

G1

Answer 65

the cell growth

Question 66

Go

Answer 66

non dividing

Question 67

S phase

Answer 67

DNA synthesis, further prep for mitotic division... B cyclins bind to cdc2 kinase. activated MPF leads to activites necessary for mitotis, 2 hrs.

Question 68

G2

Answer 68

gap phase, 2 hours

Question 69

M phase

Answer 69

actual mitotic phase... less than an hour

Question 70

interphase

Answer 70

everything but M phase... Prior to S only 1 chromatic. After 2 chromatid

Question 71

physical division of nuclear material

Answer 71

karyokinesis

Question 72

physical division of cytoplasmic material

Answer 72

cytokinesis

Question 73

karyokinesis is not followed by cytokinessi results in a increase in ploidy,

Answer 73

endomitosis

Question 74

plodiy

Answer 74

increase in complete sets of chromosomes