Biology Day 9 Flashcards
(92 cards)
0
Q
external genitalia
A
penis and scrotum(sac holding testes-helps regulate temp)
1
Q
gonads
A
testes; produce sperm and secrete testosterone
2
Q
internal genitalia
A
accessory glands and ducts
3
Q
productions/ejaculation of sperm
A
storage and maturation-epidymis, vasedeferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra
4
Q
nutrients enzymes prostaglandins
A
seminal vesicles
5
Q
buffers, nutirents, enzymes
A
prostrate gland
6
Q
mucus and buffers
A
bulbourethral glands
7
Q
female gonads
A
ovaries, produce ova and secrete estrogen and progestrone
8
Q
femal exteranl genitalia
A
vulva(labia majora and miora, clitoris)
9
Q
internal genetalia female
A
vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes,
10
Q
birth canal
A
vagina
11
Q
the womb
A
uterus
12
Q
layer of gladualr epithelium shed during menstruation
A
endometrium
13
Q
thick layer of smooth muscle
A
myometrium
14
Q
opening of the uterus
A
cervix
15
Q
dialted slightly during ferile days and greatly during childbirth
A
cervix
16
Q
carry ova from the ovary to the uterus (via peristalisis)
A
falloiaian tubues
17
Q
Male gametes
A
spermatozoa
18
Q
male germ cells
A
spermatogonia
19
Q
results of male germ cells
A
4 haploid sperm… start during puberty
20
Q
female gametes
A
ova
21
Q
famale germ cells
A
oogonia
22
Q
female results
A
1 ovum, 2 polar bodies… 500,000 primary oocytes produced during fetal develpment, ovulation from puberty to menopasue
23
Q
Spermatozoa produced in
A
seminiferous tubules of the testes
24
what regulate sperm developmetn
sustentacular cells
25
secrete testoterone
leydig cells (interstial cells)
26
spematogonium
diploid 1 makes 4
27
primary spermatocyte
diploid
28
secondary spermatocytes
meisis 1 diploid
29
spermatids
meiosis ii hapoid...
30
spermatozoa
Epidymis.... haploid
31
GnRH(male)
stimulates release of LH and FSH from hypothalmus
32
LH and FSH inhibit(male)
GnRH
| from anterior pitutiary
33
(m) LH stimulates
Leydig cells to produce testoterone
34
what helps maintina spermatognesis
testosterone
35
Testosterone inhibits
GnFH and LH
36
Testis release
inhibin
37
Testis inhibits
release FSH
38
Oogonia develp
inot prmary oocytes before birth... arrest in propahse 1
39
primary ooctyes splits into
secondary oocyte and first polar body in Meiosis 1... arrest in Metaphae II, ovulated
40
Meiosis II is only completed
if fertilized
41
oogonium
diploid
42
primary oocyte
diploid
43
seondary oocytes
haploid and first polar body
44
zygote to
cleavage.... 2,4,8 celled...
45
cleavage to
morula
46
morula to
blastocyt
47
blastocyt
implants
48
primary oocyte is enclosed
in a follicle
49
ooctye is surrounded by a layer
of granulosa cells and an outer layer called theca
50
Folliular phase (day 1-13)
fsh stimulated follicle maturation
51
FSH and LH stimulate production
of estrogen by the maturing follicle
52
The follicular remains become
corpus luteum
53
Luteal Phase(Day 15-28)
th corpus luteum secretes estrogen and progesterone.... corpus luteum degenerates thorughout the phase bc of low LH.... estrogen and progestrone levles drop at the end of this phase signaling menstuation all over again
54
Pregnancy occurs... what horomone is produced?
hCG
55
hCG keeps
the corpus luteum from degeneragting in place of lH
56
Corpus luteum during pregnancy maintins
high levles of estrogen and progestrone (first 2-3 months)
57
the placenta
takes over production of estrogen and progestrone for the remainder of the pregnancy
58
the endometrium isnt shed...
ovulation does not occur, LH remains low
59
GnRH in women
stimualtes release of LH and FSH
60
LH in women
stimulates the follicle to produce estrogen
61
FSH in women
stimuatles the follicle to mature...
62
Estrogen inhiibts
release of GnRH, LH, and FSH
63
Follicles release
ihibin of FSH
64
Meses(1-7)
endometrium is lsoughed off; signalled by low levels of estrogen and progestrogene
65
Proliferative Phase(7-14) mentstral cycle
increasing levesll of estrogen lead to endometrial growth
66
secretory phase(15-28) mentstral cycle
preperation for implantation. endometirla cell deposit lipids and glycogen in their cytoplasm
67
Fertilization takes place
in fallopian tubes
68
acrosomess contains
enzymes that allow the sperm to penetrate the corona radiata and zona pellucida
69
how many sperm fertalize ovum
single sperm
70
what prevents more sperm from fertalizing
depolarization and an influx in Ca prevent subsequent sperm from penetrating
71
sperm injects only into
nucleus
72
cytoplasm and organelles comes from
mother
73
after fertalization... the ovum completels meiosis ii
and the two nuclei fuse together to become a zygote..
74
fertalization ususlaly occurs
in the distal end of the fallopian tubes
75
the jorney in the uterus usually takes
4-5 days
76
cleavage
cell division with little cell growth
77
blastocyt hollow ball of 100 cells
outer layer.. trophoblast, trphoblast becomes corion/placenta and secretes hCG, inner cell mass adheres to one side, inner cell mass will be the growing embryo, blastocyt embeds in the endometrium, chorionic villi pierce the vascular endometrium
78
gastrulation
blastocyt folds in on intself forming three germ layers
79
ectoderm
epidermis, nervous system, eyes and ears
80
mesoderm
dermis, muscle and bone, connective tissue, cardiovascular system, lymphatic system, urnary system, reproductive system,
81
endoderm
repiratory epithelium, digestive epithelium, digestive system, bladder,
82
folding of the ectoderm to form the central nervous system
neurulation
83
Birth occurs
btw 38 and 40 wks
84
Lactation
prolactin stimulates milk production, estrogen and progestrone stiumlate develpment of breasts/mammory glands but inhibit prolactin, estrogen and progestrone leevels fall after delivery, prolactin levels increase 10 fold, suckling stimulates the relase of prolactin and oxytocin
85
Birth
cervix
86
cell specilization is due to
differential gene expression
87
the chooseing of a particular fate for cell type even through it isnt yet appartent
determination
88
the result of determination in which a cell has become a distince cell type
differentiation
89
what causes mechanisms of differential gene expression
transcription
90
cell to cell communication
induction
| extracellular signals, direct contact, gap junctions
91
extracelluarl signal
receptor mediated
