Ch. 11: Human Development Across the Lifespan

Question 1

development

Answer 1

sequence of age-related changes that occur as a person progresses from conception to death

Question 2

prenatal period

Answer 2

from conception to birth (9 months)

Question 3

germinal stage

Answer 3

first 2 weeks, cells duplicate, implantation

Question 4

placenta

Answer 4

structure that connects mother and fetus

Question 5

embryonic stage

Answer 5

2 weeks-end of 2nd month, most vital organs and systems begin to develop, most vulnerable

Question 6

fetal stage

Answer 6

2 months-birth

Question 7

teratogens

Answer 7

external agents (drugs and viruses) that can harm an embryo or fetus

Question 8

motor development

Answer 8

progression of muscular coordination required for physical activities

Question 9

cephalocaudal trend

Answer 9

babies gain control of upper body before lower

Question 10

proximodistal trend

Answer 10

babies gain control of torso before extremities

Question 11

maturation

Answer 11

development that reflects gradual unfolding of one’s genetic blueprint

Question 12

fetal alcohol syndrome

Answer 12

microcephaly, heart defects, delayed development, mental retardation

Question 13

threshold of viability

Answer 13

23-26 weeks

Question 14

developmental norms

Answer 14

typical age at which individuals display various behaviors and abilities

Question 15

temperament

Answer 15

characteristic mood, activity level and emotional reactivity

Question 16

longitudinal design

Answer 16

investigators observe one group of participants repeatedly over a long period of time, sensitive to developmental changes but participants often drop out

Question 17

cross-sectional design

Answer 17

investigators compare groups of participants of differing age at a single point in time, quicker but cohort effects

Question 18

cohort effects

Answer 18

differences between age groups are due to the groups growing up in different time periods

Question 19

stage

Answer 19

developmental period during which characteristic patterns of behavior are exhibited and certain capacities become established

Question 20

strange situation procedure

Answer 20

infants are exposed to a series of eight separation and reunion episodes to assess the quality of their atachment

Question 21

attachment

Answer 21

close, emotion bonds that develop between infants and their caretakers

Question 22

Erikson’s stage theory

Answer 22

8 stages, each has a psychosocial crisis (turning point) that entails a struggle between two opposing tendencies, doesn’t explain differences in personalities

Question 23

cognitive development

Answer 23

transitions in youngsters’ patterns of thinking, including reasoning, remembering and problem solving

Question 24

Piaget’s stage theory

Answer 24

1. sensorimotor, coordination and symbolic thought develops 0-2
2. preoperational, symbolic thought 2-7
3. concrete operational, mental operations applied to concrete events and hierarchical thought 7-11
4. formal operational, abstract ideas and logic 11-

Question 25

object permanence

Answer 25

child recognizes that objects continue to exist even when they are no longer visible

Question 26

conservation

Answer 26

awareness that physical quantities remain constant in spite of changes in their shape or appearance

Question 27

centration

Answer 27

tendency to focus on just one feature of a problem, neglecting other aspects

Question 28

Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory

Answer 28

development shaped by cultures and social interactions

Question 29

Kohlberg’s stage theory

Answer 29

moral reasoning

1. preconventional, external authority
2. conventional, maintain social order
3. postconventional, personal moral compass

Question 30

pubescence

Answer 30

2 year span preceding puberty when changes leading to maturity take place

Question 31

identity diffusion

Answer 31

1, no commitment to an ideology

Question 32

identity foreclosure

Answer 32

2, premature commitment, often same as parents

Question 33

identity moratorium

Answer 33

3,delaying commitment

Question 34

identity achievement

Answer 34

4, arriving at a sense of self

Question 35

fluid intelligence

Answer 35

basic reasoning ability, memory capacity, speed of information processing

Question 36

crystalized intelligence

Answer 36

ability to apply required knowledge and skills in problem solving

Question 37

Secure

Answer 37

Distress, joy

Question 38

Ambivalent

Answer 38

Very distressed, mixed

Question 39

Avoidant

Answer 39

Little distress, little joy

Question 40

Theory of mind

Answer 40

People have different thoughts than you