Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

encoding

A

forming a memory code

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2
Q

storage

A

maintaing encoded information in memory over time

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3
Q

attention

A

focusing awareness on a narrowed stage of stimuli or events

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4
Q

structural encoding

A

emphasizes the physical structure of a stimulus

shallowest

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5
Q

phonemic encoding

A

what a word sounds like

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6
Q

semantic encoding

A

meaning of verbal input

highest

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7
Q

levels-of-processing theory

A

deeper levels of processing result in longer lasting memories

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8
Q

elaboration

A

linking a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding

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9
Q

dual-coding theory

A

memory is enhanced by forming semantic and visual codes, since either can read to recall

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10
Q

self-referent encoding

A

deciding how or whether information is personally relevant

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11
Q

sensory memory

A

preserves information in its original sensory form for a brief time usually only a fraction of a second

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12
Q

short-term memory

A

a limited-capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed information for about 10-20 seconds

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13
Q

chunk

A

group of familiar stimuli stored as a unit

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14
Q

working memory capacity (WMC)

A

refers to one’s ability to hold and manipulate information in conscious attention

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15
Q

long-term memory

A

an unlimited capacity store that can hold information over lengthy periods of time

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16
Q

flashbulb memories

A

unusually vivid and detailed recollections of the circumstances in which people learned about momentous, newsworthy events

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17
Q

conceptual heirarchy

A

a multilevel classification system based on common properties among items

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18
Q

schema

A

an organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or event abstracted from previous experience with the object or event

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19
Q

semantic network

A

consists of nodes representing concepts joined together by pathways that link related concepts

20
Q

connectionist or parallel distributed processing models (PDP)

A

assume that cognitive processes depend on patterns of activation in highly interconnected computational networks that resemble neural networks, specific memories correspond to specific patterns of activation

21
Q

tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

A

temporary inability to remember something you know with the feeling that it’s just out of reach

22
Q

misinformation effect

A

participants recall of an event they witnessed is altered by introducing misleading post-event information

23
Q

reality monitoring

A

the process of deciding whether memories are based on external sources or internal sources

24
Q

source monitoring

A

making attributions about the origins of memories

25
Q

destination memory

A

remembering who we’ve told what

26
Q

retention

A

the proportion of material remembered

27
Q

recall measure of retention

A

requires subjects to reproduce information on their own without any cues

28
Q

recognition measure of retention

A

requires subjects to select previously learned information from an array of options

29
Q

relearning measure of retention

A

requires participants to memorize information a second time to determine how much time or how many practice trials are saved by having learned it before

30
Q

ineffective encoding

A

never really learned it

31
Q

decay

A

forgetting occurs because memory fades with time

32
Q

retroactive interference

A

can’t remember old info because of new info

33
Q

proactive interference

A

can’t remember new info because of old info

34
Q

transfer-appropriate processing

A

initial processing of information is similar to the type of processing required by the subsequent measure of retention

35
Q

repression

A

keeping depressing thoughts buried deep in the unconscious

36
Q

long-term potentiation (LTP)

A

a long lasting increase in neural excitability along a specific neural pathway

37
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

loss of memories for events that occurred prior to onset of amnesia (trauma)

38
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

loss of memories that occur after the onset of amnesia (trauma)

39
Q

declarative memory system

A

handles factual information

40
Q

non-declarative memory system

A

houses memory for actions, skills, conditioned and emotional responses

41
Q

episodic memory system

A

chronological or temporally dated recollections of personal experience

42
Q

semantic memory system

A

general knowledge that is not tied to the time when information was learned

43
Q

prospective memory

A

remembering to perform actions in the future

44
Q

retrospective memory

A

remembering events from the past or previously learned information

45
Q

link method

A

forming a mental image of items to be remembered in a way that links them together

46
Q

method of loci

A

taking an imaginary walk along a familiar path where images of items to be remembered are associated with certain locations

47
Q

hindsight bias

A

tendency to mold one’s interpretation of the past to fit how events actually turned out