Chapter 12: Personality

Question 1

personality

Answer 1

unique set of consistent behavioral traits, explains stability of behavior and differences among people in the same situations

Question 2

personality trait

Answer 2

tendency to behave in a particular way in a variety of situations

Question 3

neuroticism

Answer 3

worried, insecure, self-pitying

Question 4

extraversion

Answer 4

sociable, fun-loving, affectionate

Question 5

openness to experience

Answer 5

imaginative, variety, independent

Question 6

agreeableness

Answer 6

softhearted, trusting, helpful

Question 7

conscientiousness

Answer 7

well organized, careful, self-disciplined

Question 8

psychodynamic theories

Answer 8

focus on unconscious mental forces

Question 9

freud’s 3 divisions of personality

Answer 9

id: pleasure principle, biological urges
ego: reality principle, decisions
superego: moral component, social standards

Question 10

conscious

Answer 10

what one is aware of

Question 11

preconscious

Answer 11

just beneath surface of awareness, easily retrieved

Question 12

unconscious

Answer 12

memories, thoughts and desires deep below the surface

Question 13

defense mechanisms

Answer 13

largely unconscious reactions that protect a person from unpleasant emotions

Question 14

rationalization

Answer 14

create excuse to justify unacceptable behavior

Question 15

repression

Answer 15

burying distressing thoughts in the unconscious

Question 16

projection

Answer 16

attributing one’s own thoughts feelings or motives to another

Question 17

displacement

Answer 17

diverting feelings to another target

Question 18

reaction formations

Answer 18

behaving in a way opposite of one’s feelings

Question 19

regression

Answer 19

reversion to immature behavior

Question 20

identifications

Answer 20

forming imaginary alliance with a person/group

Question 21

sublimation

Answer 21

channel unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or admirable behaviors, healthiest method

Question 22

psychosexual stages

Answer 22

developmental periods with sexual focus that influence adult personality

Question 23

oedipal complex

Answer 23

children develop sexual desires for opposite sex parent and hostility towards same sex parent

Question 24

oral stage

Answer 24

1st year, breast to bottle

Question 25

anal stage

Answer 25

potty training, could lead to sexual anxiety

Question 26

phallic stage

Answer 26

oedipal complex, penis envy

Question 27

latency stage

Answer 27

sexuality is latent, age 6-puberty, expanding social contacts

Question 28

genital stage

Answer 28

puberty, sexual energy channeled towards other sex

Question 29

personal unconscious

Answer 29

repressed or forgotten material

Question 30

collective unconscious

Answer 30

latent memory traces inherited from people’s ancestral past

Question 31

archetypes

Answer 31

emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meanings

Question 32

striving for superiority

Answer 32

universal drive to adapt, improve oneself and master life’s challenges

Question 33

reciprocal determinism

Answer 33

idea that mental events, external environmental events and overt behavior all influence eachother

Question 34

observational learning

Answer 34

responding is influenced by observation of models

Question 35

self-efficacy

Answer 35

ability to perform behaviors should lead to expected outcomes

Question 36

humanism

Answer 36

perspectives, unique qualities of humans

Question 37

self-concept

Answer 37

collection of beliefs about one’s own nature, qualities and typical behavior

Question 38

self-actualization

Answer 38

need to fulfill one’s potential

Question 39

terror management theory

Answer 39

explain why people need self-esteem, awareness of death

Question 40

mortality salience

Answer 40

degree to which mortality is prominent in the mind

Question 41

individualism

Answer 41

personal goals and identification ahead of group

Question 42

collectivism

Answer 42

group goals and identification ahead of personal

Question 43

projective tests

Answer 43

ask participants to respond to vague stimuli that may reveal personality traits