Ch. 12 Biliary Tract and Upper Gastrointestinal System Pathology

Question 1

found at the pharyngoesophageal junction at the upper end of the esophagus

Answer 1

Zencker’s diverticula

Question 2

a pouch or sac of variable size occurring normally or created by herniation of a mucous membrane through a defect in its muscular coat

Answer 2

diverticula

Question 3

involves all layers of the esophagus and results from adjacent scar tissue that pulls the esophagus toward the area of involvement. occurs most frequently in the middle third of the esophagus

Answer 3

traction diverticulum

Question 4

abnormally dilated veins in the distal esophagus - often seen with acute liver disease. best demonstrated recumbent for more complete filling of the veins

Answer 4

esophageal varices

Question 5

gastric contents return back through the gastric orifice and irritate the lining of the esophagus

Answer 5

esophageal reflux

Question 6

congenital anomaly where the roof of the mouth is open which allows food and fluid to pass into the nose

Answer 6

cleft palate

Question 7

congenital abnormality where the esophagus fails to fully develop - symptoms seen soon after birth (choking, gagging, dyspnea, cyanosis) - surgery done to correct the defect

Answer 7

esophageal atresia

Question 8

congenital anomaly of the stomach in which the pyloric canal is greatly narrowed because of hypertrophy of the pyloric sphincter

Answer 8

pyloric stenosis

Question 9

protrusion of any structure (especially some portion of the stomach) into the thoracic cavity through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm

Answer 9

hiatal hernia

Question 10

erosion of the mucosal lining of the stomach - may be severe enough to cause a perforation of the wall resulting in severe bleeding. mild cases controlled by diet - chronic may require surgery

Answer 10

gastric/peptic ulcer

Question 11

inflammation of the stomach mucosa

Answer 11

gastritis

Question 12

complete reversal of the viscera of the thorax and/or abdomen

Answer 12

situs inversus/transposition

Question 13

mass of indigested material that gets trapped in the stomach - usually made up of hair, vegetable fibers or wood products. material builds up and may form an obstruction in time

Answer 13

bezoar

Question 14

small mass growing from the mucosal wall - may be either cancerous or benign

Answer 14

polyp

Question 15

a neuromuscular disorder of the esophagus which results in failure of the lower esophageal sphincter to relax. results in dilation of the esophagus

Answer 15

achalasia

Question 16

a type of hiatal hernia where the esophagogastric junction has herniated through the diaphragmatic opening

Answer 16

Schatzke’s ring

Question 17

a substance that attenuates (absorbs) the x-ray beam to a different degree than the surrounding tissue. radiolucent (negative) means that x-rays are easily transmitted through it and appear dark on radiographs. radiopaque (positive) means that the x-rays are absorbed by them and appear light on radiographs. both positive and negative contrast agents may be used together so that the lumen of organs can be visualized or so that anatomic structures within a space (such as the menisci of the knee) can be visualized

Answer 17

contrast media

Question 18

factors of a patient’s history or present status that indicate that a medical procedure should not be performed or that a medication should not be given

Answer 18

contraindications

Question 19

a dosage form in which one or more drugs are dissolved in a liquid carrier. usually rapidly absorbed and may be administered orally or parenterally (injection of the drug with a needle and syringe beneath the surface of the skin)

Answer 19

solution

Question 20

a dosage form in which one or more drugs in small particles are suspended in a liquid carrier. most are administered orally and should be shaken thoroughly just before being given. they should never be administered intravenously

Answer 20

suspension

Question 21

device used for examining deep structures by means of x-rays. it consists of a screen covered with crystals on which are projected the shadows of x-rays passing through the body situated between the scree and the source of irradiation

Answer 21

fluoroscope

Question 22

examination by means of the fluoroscope

Answer 22

fluoroscopy

Question 23

equipment that permits the radiologist to obtain static radiographs during a dynamic fluoroscopic examination

Answer 23

spot film device

Question 24

surgical removal of part or all of the stomach

Answer 24

gastrectomy

Question 25

act of swallowing

Answer 25

deglutition

Question 26

chewing

Answer 26

mastication

Question 27

the contractive waves of the digestive system. aids in the transport of food

Answer 27

peristalsis

Question 28

gall stone

Answer 28

cholelith

Question 29

the condition of having gallstones. increased levels of bilirubin, calcium, or cholesterol may lead to the formation of the stones. occur more often in females and often occur after childbirth

Answer 29

cholelithiasis (biliary calculi)

Question 30

inflammation of the gallbladder - usually related to the presence of stones within the gallbladder

Answer 30

cholecystitis

Question 31

a narrowing of one of the biliary ducts. cholecystitis may result from biliary stenosis

Answer 31

biliary stenosis

Question 32

conditions that the patient possesses at birth. most are benign but may affect the production, storage or release of bile

Answer 32

congenital anomalies

Question 33

new growths - may be benign or malignant - if malignant, it may spread to the liver, pancreas or GI tract

Answer 33

neoplasms

Question 34

removal of the GB surgically - usually related to the presence of choleliths

Answer 34

cholecystectomy

Question 35

extensive calcification in the wall of the GB which forms an oval density that corresponds to the size and shape of the GB. the term reflects the blue discoloration and brittle consistency of the GB wall. extensive calcification indicates possible cancer

Answer 35

porcelain GB

Question 36

examination of the GB and ducts. its a general name for all types of choleangiography

Answer 36

choleography

Question 37

agent which promotes contraction of the GB - NOT a contrast agent

Answer 37

cholecystogogue

Question 38

any contrast media used for GB visualization

Answer 38

cholecystopaque