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Positioning 1 > Ch. 8 Cervical and Thoracic Spine > Flashcards

Ch. 8 Cervical and Thoracic Spine Flashcards

1
Q

two main parts of a vertebra

A

body and vertebral arch

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2
Q

weight bearing part of the vertebrae

A

body

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3
Q

half ring of bone and helps make the vertebral foramen

A

vertebral arch

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4
Q

all of the vertebral foramen make up this which the spinal cord runs through

A

vertebral (spinal) canal

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5
Q

what is all on the arch of a vertebra

A

pedicles, laminae, a spinous process, and transverse processes

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6
Q

joints between the vertebral bodies

A

intervertebral joints

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7
Q

joints made up by the 4 articular processes

A

zygapophyseal joints

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8
Q

these joints are only in the tspine

A

costovertebral joints

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9
Q

these are made by the superior and inferior margins of adjoining pedicles

A

intervertebral foramina

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10
Q

spinal nerves and blood vessels pass through these

A

intervertebral foramina

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11
Q

fibrocartilaginous disks between the bodies of vertebrae except between C1 and C2

A

intervertebral disks

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12
Q

intervertebral disks contain an outer fibrous portion called what

A

annulus fibrosus

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13
Q

soft jelly line part of intervertebral disks

A

nucleus pulposus

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14
Q

when the nucleus pulposus protrudes through the fibrous layer of the intervertebral disks it presses on the spinal cord causing pain and discomfort, this condition is called

A

slipped disk; herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP)

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15
Q

the spinal canal contains the spinal cord and is filled with this

A

cerebrospinal fluid

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16
Q

enclosed and protected by the spinal canal

A

spinal cord

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17
Q

the spinal cord starts at this in the brain

A

medulla oblongata

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18
Q

the spinal cord runs all the way down to about this level

A

first lumbar vertebra

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19
Q

at the first lumbar vertebra, the spinal cord tapers off into this

A

conus medullaris

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20
Q

these are really tough disks which separate the vertebrae and provide cushion, spacing, movement, and stability

A

intervertebral disks

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21
Q

proper name for C1

A

atlas

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22
Q

the atlas has no vertebral body but what instead

A

anterior arch with an anterior tubercle

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23
Q

on the atlas is this which holds the odontoid (dens) in place

A

transverse atlantal ligament

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24
Q

the atlas has two superior articular processes which articulate with what

A

occipital condyles of the skull

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25
Q

what is the articulation between the skull and first vertebra called

A

atlantoocciptial joints

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26
Q

segment of bone between the superior and inferior articular processes of C1

A

lateral masses

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27
Q

this supports the weight of the head

A

C1

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28
Q

proper name for C2

A

axis

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29
Q

this is where rotation of the head occurts

A

axis - C2

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30
Q

zygapophyseal joint spaces of C1 adn C2 are only seen on this projection

A

AP open mouth projection

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31
Q

what do the transverse processes arise from on cervical vertebrae

A

pedicle and body

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31
Q

a typical cervical vertebrae has how many vertical formina

A

3

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32
Q

zygapophyseal joint spaces for C1-C7 are seen on this projection

A

lateral projection of c-spine

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33
Q

intervertebral foramina of C1-C7 are seen on this type of projection

A

45 degree oblique angle to the midsagittal plane and 15 degree cephalic tube angle

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34
Q

what is C7 called

A

vertebra prominens

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35
Q

how do you count vertebra on an AP projection

A

from C7 up

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36
Q

how do you count vertebrae on a lateral projection

A

from C1 down

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37
Q

which are typical t-spine vertebrae

A

T5-T8

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38
Q

each t-spine vertebrae have this for rib articulation

A

facet - full or demi-facets

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39
Q

each t-spine vertebrae accept a head of a rib to form this joint

A

costovertebral joint

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40
Q

these have costotransverse joints which articulate the transverse processes and a rib

A

T1-T10

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41
Q

which way do the inferior articular processes face on a t-spine vertebrae

A

forward

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42
Q

which way do the superior articular processes face on a the t-spine vertebrae

A

backwards

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43
Q

what is the meeting of the superior and inferior articular processes of vertebrae called

A

zygapophyseal joint spaces

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44
Q

zygapophyseal joint spaces of T1-T12 are seen on this type of projection

A

70 degree oblique position

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45
Q

intervertebral foramina of t-spine are seen on this type of projection

A

lateral projection of t-spine

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46
Q

what are the intervertebral foramina made from

A

superior and inferior margins of the pedicles

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47
Q

these have more dominant articular pillars

A

cervical vertebrae

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48
Q

instead of a spinous process, what does the atlas have

A

posterior tubercle with bifid tip

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49
Q

these contain demifacets for rib articulation

A

T1-T9

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50
Q

these contain single facets for rib articulation

A

T10-T12

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51
Q

what position will you see the zygapophyseal joints of the cervical spine

A

true lateral

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52
Q

what position will you see the intervertebral foramina of the cervical spine

A

45 degree oblique position with a 15-20 cephalad tube angle if your PO and you’ll see the upside, if your AO it would be 15-20 degree caudad tube angle and you’ll see the downside

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53
Q

what position will you see the intervertebral foramina of the thoracic spine

A

true lateral

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54
Q

what position will you see the zygapophyseal joints of the thoracic spine

A

70 degree oblique position, PO will see the upside and AO will see the downside

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55
Q

what level is the mastoid tip on

A

C1

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56
Q

what is at the level of C1

A

mastoid tip

57
Q

C1 is where in accordance to the external auditory meatus (EAM)

A

1’’ below

58
Q

what is at the level of C3

A

gonion

59
Q

what level is the gonion

A

C3

60
Q

the angle of the mandible is called

A

gonion

61
Q

most prominent part of the thyroid cartilage is at what level

A

C5 (C4-C6)

62
Q

what is at the level of C5

A

thyroid cartilage

63
Q

what level is vertebra prominens

A

C7 (body of T1)

64
Q

what is at the level C7/body of T1

A

vertebra prominens

65
Q

what is at the level of T2-T3

A

jugular notch

66
Q

what level is the jugular notch at

A

T2-T3

67
Q

where is T1 in accordance to the jugular notch

A

1.5” superior

68
Q

upper section of the sternum

A

manubrium

69
Q

central portion of the sternum

A

body

70
Q

this is where the manubrium and body of the sternum meet

A

sternal angle

71
Q

where is the sternal angle in accordance to the manubrial notch

A

2” inferior

72
Q

what level is the sternal angle

A

T4-T5

73
Q

what is at the level of T4-T5

A

sternal angle (articulation of 2nd rib anteriorly into sternum)

74
Q

where is T7 in accordance to the jugular notch

A

3-4” inferior (between jugular notch and xiphoid process)

75
Q

where is T7 in accordance to the vertebra prominens

A

7-8” inferior

76
Q

approximate centering for thoracic spine

A

T7

77
Q

most inferior end of the sternum

A

xiphoid process; xiphoid tip; ensiform process

78
Q

what level is the xiphoid tip at

A

T9-T10

79
Q

what is at the level of T9-T10

A

xiphoid tip

80
Q

exaggerated lumbar curvature - increased concavity

A

lordosis

81
Q

exaggerated thoracic curvature - increased convexity

A

kyphosis

82
Q

from an AP position how is the cervical spine curved

A

convex

83
Q

from a PA position how is the cervical spine curved

A

concave

84
Q

from an AP position how is the thoracic spine curved

A

concave

85
Q

from a PA position how is the thoracic spine curved

A

convex

86
Q

from an AP position how is the lumbar spine curved

A

convex

87
Q

from a PA position how is the lumbar spine curved

A

concave

88
Q

first compensatory curve

A

cervical spine

89
Q

first primary curve

A

thoracic spine

90
Q

second compensatory curve

A

lumbar spine

91
Q

what curves begin right after birth

A

thoracic and sacral

92
Q

this curve develops once kids start to lift their head and sit up

A

cervical

93
Q

this curve develops last as children begin to walk

A

lumbar

94
Q

in addition to gonads, what other radiosensitive organs are of greatest concern during cervical and thoracic spine radiographs

A

thyroid, parathyroid and breasts

95
Q

two advantages of using higher kVp factors for spine radiography on an AP thoracic spine

A

less dose, and increases the exposure latitiude

96
Q

this is often used to diagnose bone tumors of the spine

A

nuclear medicine

97
Q

for lateral and oblique projection of the cervical spine, it is important to minimize magnification and maximize detail, how can this be done

A

use small focal spot, increase SID

98
Q

fracture through the pedicles and anterior arch of C2 with forward displacement on C3

A

Hangman’s fracture

99
Q

inflammation of the vertebrae

A

spondylitis

100
Q

abnormal or exaggerated convex curvature of thoracic spine

A

kyphosis

101
Q

comminuted fracture of the vertebral body with posterior fragments displaced into the spinal canal

A

teardrop burst fracture

102
Q

avulsion fracture of the spinous process of C7

A

Clay Shoveler’s fracture

103
Q

abnormal lateral curvature of the spine

A

scoliosis

104
Q

a form of rheumatoid arthritis

A

ankylosing spondylitis

105
Q

impact fracture from axial loading of the anterior and posterior arch of C1

A

Jefferson fracture

106
Q

mild form of scoliosis and kyphosis developing during adolsecense

A

Scheuermann disease

107
Q

produces the “bowtie” sign

A

unilateral suluxation

108
Q

projections for scoliosis

A

erect AP/PA and lateral including bending laterals

109
Q

projections for teardrop burst fracture

A

lateral cervical

110
Q

projections for Jefferson fracture

A

AP open mouth for C1-C2

111
Q

projections for Scheuermann disease

A

scoliosis series

112
Q

projections for unilateral subluxation of cervical spine

A

lateral cervical spine

113
Q

projections for herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP)

A

AP and lateral of affected spine

114
Q

what is the name of the radiographic procedure that requires the injection of contrast media into the subarachnoid space

A

myelography

115
Q

what imaging modality is ideal for detecting early signs of osteomyelitis

A

nuclear medicine

116
Q

what two landmarks must be aligned for an AP open mouth projection

A

lower margin of upper incisors and base of skull

117
Q

what is the purpose of 15-20 degree cephalad angle for the AP axial projection of the cervical spine

A

open intervertebral disk spaces

118
Q

for an AP axial of the cervical spine, a plane through the tip of the mandible and this should be parallel to the angled CR

A

base of skull (inion)

119
Q

important benefits of using 60-72” SID for the lateral cervical spine projection

A

less beam divergence and compensates for OID

120
Q

CR angulation for posterior oblique projection of the cervical spine

A

15 degrees cephalad

121
Q

which foramina are demonstrated with a LPO position of the cervical spine

A

right side

122
Q

which foramina are demonstrated with a LAO position of the cervical spine

A

left side

123
Q

in addition to extending the chin, which additional positioning technique can be performed to ensure that the mandible is not superimposed over the upper cervical vertebrae for oblique projections

A

rotate skull into near lateral position

124
Q

what is recommended SID for the cervicothoracic position of the cervical spine

A

60-72”

125
Q

what lateral projection of the cervical spine should be taken during what

A

expiration for max shoulder depression

126
Q

what specific projection must be taken first if trauma to the cervical spine is suspected and the patient is in a supine position on a backboard

A

lateral horizontal beam

127
Q

common name of the method for the cervicothoracic lateral position

A

swimmers method

128
Q

where is CR for a cervicothoracic lateral position

A

T1, 1” above jugular notch, about level of vertebra prominins

129
Q

which region of the spine must be demonstrated with a cervicothoracic lateral position

A

C5-T3

130
Q

what projection is considered a functional study

A

AP wagging jaw projection

131
Q

what two things can be done to produce equal density along the entire thoracic spine for an AP projection

A

compensating filter (wedge) or use of the anode heel affect

132
Q

what is the purpose of using an orthostatic technique for a lateral projection of the thoracic spine

A

blur out the ribs and lung markings

133
Q

which zygapophyseal joints are demonstrated in a RAO projection of the thoracic spine

A

right

134
Q

what projections delivers the greatest skin dose to the patient

A

cervicothoracic lateral position

135
Q

which of the following structures is best demonstrated with an AP axial vertebral arch projections

A

articular pillars (lateral masses) of the cervical spine

136
Q

what CR angle must be used with the AP axial-vertebral arch (pillars) projection

A

20-30 degrees caudad

137
Q

what ancillary device should be placed behind the patient on the tabletop for a recumbent lateral projection of the thoracic spine

A

lead mat or masking

138
Q

which skull positioning line is aligned perp to the IR for a PA redundant (Judd) projection for the odontoid process

A

mentomeatal line (MML)

139
Q

which zygapophyseal joints are best demonstrated with an LPO position of the thoracic spine

A

right

140
Q

how much rotation of the body is required for an oblique position of the thoracic spine from a true lateral position

A

20 degree from lateral (70 from AP)

Positioning 1 (44 decks)

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