Ch. 8 Cervical and Thoracic Spine Flashcards
(141 cards)
1
Q
two main parts of a vertebra
A
body and vertebral arch
2
Q
weight bearing part of the vertebrae
A
body
3
Q
half ring of bone and helps make the vertebral foramen
A
vertebral arch
4
Q
all of the vertebral foramen make up this which the spinal cord runs through
A
vertebral (spinal) canal
5
Q
what is all on the arch of a vertebra
A
pedicles, laminae, a spinous process, and transverse processes
6
Q
joints between the vertebral bodies
A
intervertebral joints
7
Q
joints made up by the 4 articular processes
A
zygapophyseal joints
8
Q
these joints are only in the tspine
A
costovertebral joints
9
Q
these are made by the superior and inferior margins of adjoining pedicles
A
intervertebral foramina
10
Q
spinal nerves and blood vessels pass through these
A
intervertebral foramina
11
Q
fibrocartilaginous disks between the bodies of vertebrae except between C1 and C2
A
intervertebral disks
12
Q
intervertebral disks contain an outer fibrous portion called what
A
annulus fibrosus
13
Q
soft jelly line part of intervertebral disks
A
nucleus pulposus
14
Q
when the nucleus pulposus protrudes through the fibrous layer of the intervertebral disks it presses on the spinal cord causing pain and discomfort, this condition is called
A
slipped disk; herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP)
15
Q
the spinal canal contains the spinal cord and is filled with this
A
cerebrospinal fluid
16
Q
enclosed and protected by the spinal canal
A
spinal cord
17
Q
the spinal cord starts at this in the brain
A
medulla oblongata
18
Q
the spinal cord runs all the way down to about this level
A
first lumbar vertebra
19
Q
at the first lumbar vertebra, the spinal cord tapers off into this
A
conus medullaris
20
Q
these are really tough disks which separate the vertebrae and provide cushion, spacing, movement, and stability
A
intervertebral disks
21
Q
proper name for C1
A
atlas
22
Q
the atlas has no vertebral body but what instead
A
anterior arch with an anterior tubercle
23
Q
on the atlas is this which holds the odontoid (dens) in place
A
transverse atlantal ligament
24
Q
the atlas has two superior articular processes which articulate with what
A
occipital condyles of the skull
25
what is the articulation between the skull and first vertebra called
atlantoocciptial joints
26
segment of bone between the superior and inferior articular processes of C1
lateral masses
27
this supports the weight of the head
C1
28
proper name for C2
axis
29
this is where rotation of the head occurts
axis - C2
30
zygapophyseal joint spaces of C1 adn C2 are only seen on this projection
AP open mouth projection
31
what do the transverse processes arise from on cervical vertebrae
pedicle and body
31
a typical cervical vertebrae has how many vertical formina
3
32
zygapophyseal joint spaces for C1-C7 are seen on this projection
lateral projection of c-spine
33
intervertebral foramina of C1-C7 are seen on this type of projection
45 degree oblique angle to the midsagittal plane and 15 degree cephalic tube angle
34
what is C7 called
vertebra prominens
35
how do you count vertebra on an AP projection
from C7 up
36
how do you count vertebrae on a lateral projection
from C1 down
37
which are typical t-spine vertebrae
T5-T8
38
each t-spine vertebrae have this for rib articulation
facet - full or demi-facets
39
each t-spine vertebrae accept a head of a rib to form this joint
costovertebral joint
40
these have costotransverse joints which articulate the transverse processes and a rib
T1-T10
41
which way do the inferior articular processes face on a t-spine vertebrae
forward
42
which way do the superior articular processes face on a the t-spine vertebrae
backwards
43
what is the meeting of the superior and inferior articular processes of vertebrae called
zygapophyseal joint spaces
44
zygapophyseal joint spaces of T1-T12 are seen on this type of projection
70 degree oblique position
45
intervertebral foramina of t-spine are seen on this type of projection
lateral projection of t-spine
46
what are the intervertebral foramina made from
superior and inferior margins of the pedicles
47
these have more dominant articular pillars
cervical vertebrae
48
instead of a spinous process, what does the atlas have
posterior tubercle with bifid tip
49
these contain demifacets for rib articulation
T1-T9
50
these contain single facets for rib articulation
T10-T12
51
what position will you see the zygapophyseal joints of the cervical spine
true lateral
52
what position will you see the intervertebral foramina of the cervical spine
45 degree oblique position with a 15-20 cephalad tube angle if your PO and you'll see the upside, if your AO it would be 15-20 degree caudad tube angle and you'll see the downside
53
what position will you see the intervertebral foramina of the thoracic spine
true lateral
54
what position will you see the zygapophyseal joints of the thoracic spine
70 degree oblique position, PO will see the upside and AO will see the downside
55
what level is the mastoid tip on
C1
56
what is at the level of C1
mastoid tip
57
C1 is where in accordance to the external auditory meatus (EAM)
1'' below
58
what is at the level of C3
gonion
59
what level is the gonion
C3
60
the angle of the mandible is called
gonion
61
most prominent part of the thyroid cartilage is at what level
C5 (C4-C6)
62
what is at the level of C5
thyroid cartilage
63
what level is vertebra prominens
C7 (body of T1)
64
what is at the level C7/body of T1
vertebra prominens
65
what is at the level of T2-T3
jugular notch
66
what level is the jugular notch at
T2-T3
67
where is T1 in accordance to the jugular notch
1.5" superior
68
upper section of the sternum
manubrium
69
central portion of the sternum
body
70
this is where the manubrium and body of the sternum meet
sternal angle
71
where is the sternal angle in accordance to the manubrial notch
2" inferior
72
what level is the sternal angle
T4-T5
73
what is at the level of T4-T5
sternal angle (articulation of 2nd rib anteriorly into sternum)
74
where is T7 in accordance to the jugular notch
3-4" inferior (between jugular notch and xiphoid process)
75
where is T7 in accordance to the vertebra prominens
7-8" inferior
76
approximate centering for thoracic spine
T7
77
most inferior end of the sternum
xiphoid process; xiphoid tip; ensiform process
78
what level is the xiphoid tip at
T9-T10
79
what is at the level of T9-T10
xiphoid tip
80
exaggerated lumbar curvature - increased concavity
lordosis
81
exaggerated thoracic curvature - increased convexity
kyphosis
82
from an AP position how is the cervical spine curved
convex
83
from a PA position how is the cervical spine curved
concave
84
from an AP position how is the thoracic spine curved
concave
85
from a PA position how is the thoracic spine curved
convex
86
from an AP position how is the lumbar spine curved
convex
87
from a PA position how is the lumbar spine curved
concave
88
first compensatory curve
cervical spine
89
first primary curve
thoracic spine
90
second compensatory curve
lumbar spine
91
what curves begin right after birth
thoracic and sacral
92
this curve develops once kids start to lift their head and sit up
cervical
93
this curve develops last as children begin to walk
lumbar
94
in addition to gonads, what other radiosensitive organs are of greatest concern during cervical and thoracic spine radiographs
thyroid, parathyroid and breasts
95
two advantages of using higher kVp factors for spine radiography on an AP thoracic spine
less dose, and increases the exposure latitiude
96
this is often used to diagnose bone tumors of the spine
nuclear medicine
97
for lateral and oblique projection of the cervical spine, it is important to minimize magnification and maximize detail, how can this be done
use small focal spot, increase SID
98
fracture through the pedicles and anterior arch of C2 with forward displacement on C3
Hangman's fracture
99
inflammation of the vertebrae
spondylitis
100
abnormal or exaggerated convex curvature of thoracic spine
kyphosis
101
comminuted fracture of the vertebral body with posterior fragments displaced into the spinal canal
teardrop burst fracture
102
avulsion fracture of the spinous process of C7
Clay Shoveler's fracture
103
abnormal lateral curvature of the spine
scoliosis
104
a form of rheumatoid arthritis
ankylosing spondylitis
105
impact fracture from axial loading of the anterior and posterior arch of C1
Jefferson fracture
106
mild form of scoliosis and kyphosis developing during adolsecense
Scheuermann disease
107
produces the "bowtie" sign
unilateral suluxation
108
projections for scoliosis
erect AP/PA and lateral including bending laterals
109
projections for teardrop burst fracture
lateral cervical
110
projections for Jefferson fracture
AP open mouth for C1-C2
111
projections for Scheuermann disease
scoliosis series
112
projections for unilateral subluxation of cervical spine
lateral cervical spine
113
projections for herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP)
AP and lateral of affected spine
114
what is the name of the radiographic procedure that requires the injection of contrast media into the subarachnoid space
myelography
115
what imaging modality is ideal for detecting early signs of osteomyelitis
nuclear medicine
116
what two landmarks must be aligned for an AP open mouth projection
lower margin of upper incisors and base of skull
117
what is the purpose of 15-20 degree cephalad angle for the AP axial projection of the cervical spine
open intervertebral disk spaces
118
for an AP axial of the cervical spine, a plane through the tip of the mandible and this should be parallel to the angled CR
base of skull (inion)
119
important benefits of using 60-72" SID for the lateral cervical spine projection
less beam divergence and compensates for OID
120
CR angulation for posterior oblique projection of the cervical spine
15 degrees cephalad
121
which foramina are demonstrated with a LPO position of the cervical spine
right side
122
which foramina are demonstrated with a LAO position of the cervical spine
left side
123
in addition to extending the chin, which additional positioning technique can be performed to ensure that the mandible is not superimposed over the upper cervical vertebrae for oblique projections
rotate skull into near lateral position
124
what is recommended SID for the cervicothoracic position of the cervical spine
60-72"
125
what lateral projection of the cervical spine should be taken during what
expiration for max shoulder depression
126
what specific projection must be taken first if trauma to the cervical spine is suspected and the patient is in a supine position on a backboard
lateral horizontal beam
127
common name of the method for the cervicothoracic lateral position
swimmers method
128
where is CR for a cervicothoracic lateral position
T1, 1" above jugular notch, about level of vertebra prominins
129
which region of the spine must be demonstrated with a cervicothoracic lateral position
C5-T3
130
what projection is considered a functional study
AP wagging jaw projection
131
what two things can be done to produce equal density along the entire thoracic spine for an AP projection
compensating filter (wedge) or use of the anode heel affect
132
what is the purpose of using an orthostatic technique for a lateral projection of the thoracic spine
blur out the ribs and lung markings
133
which zygapophyseal joints are demonstrated in a RAO projection of the thoracic spine
right
134
what projections delivers the greatest skin dose to the patient
cervicothoracic lateral position
135
which of the following structures is best demonstrated with an AP axial vertebral arch projections
articular pillars (lateral masses) of the cervical spine
136
what CR angle must be used with the AP axial-vertebral arch (pillars) projection
20-30 degrees caudad
137
what ancillary device should be placed behind the patient on the tabletop for a recumbent lateral projection of the thoracic spine
lead mat or masking
138
which skull positioning line is aligned perp to the IR for a PA redundant (Judd) projection for the odontoid process
mentomeatal line (MML)
139
which zygapophyseal joints are best demonstrated with an LPO position of the thoracic spine
right
140
how much rotation of the body is required for an oblique position of the thoracic spine from a true lateral position
20 degree from lateral (70 from AP)
