Ch. 13 Lower GI System Pathology

Question 1

obstruction of the small intestine

Answer 1

ileus

Question 2

common birth defect caused by the persistance of the yolk sac (umbilical vesicle), resulting in a saclike outpouching of the intestinal wall. Outpouching is seen in the ileum of the small bowel. may measure 4-4.5” in diameter and 1.5-3 ft proximal to the ileocecal valve found incidentally in approx. 3% of adults

Answer 2

meckel diverticulum

Question 3

common benign tumors of the small intestine

Answer 3

adenomas and leiomyomas

Question 4

a twisting of a portion of the intestine on its own mesentery. blood supply to the twisted portion is compromised leading to obstruction and necrosis. most commonly found in the cecum and sigmoid colon

Answer 4

volvulus

Question 5

death of tissue

Answer 5

necrosis

Question 6

due to cessation of peristalsis - without these wave-like contractions the bowel is unable to propel its contents forward. causes may be due to infections (peritonitis, appendicitis) presences of certain drugs or a post-surgical complication

Answer 6

paralytic/adynamic ileus

Question 7

a stoma is surgically created to the abdominal wall to allow drainage of the bowel contents into closed pouch hung outside the body

Answer 7

colostomy

Question 8

a common infection of the lumen of the small intestine. often spread by contaminated food and water, but also contact. symptoms include nonspecific gastrointestinal discomfort, mild-profuse diarrhea, nausea, anorexia, and weight loss

Answer 8

giardiasis

Question 9

a form of sprue or malabsorption disease that affects the proximal small bowel, especially the proximal duodenum. commonly involves the insoluble protein (gluten) found in cereal grain

Answer 9

celiac disease

Question 10

inflammation of the small bowel, may be caused by bacterial or protozoan organisms and other environmental factors

Answer 10

enteritis

Question 11

the condition of having numerous diverticula

Answer 11

diverticulosis

Question 12

inflammation of the stomach and small bowel

Answer 12

gastroenteritis

Question 13

the diverticula (outpouching of the mucosal wall resulting from a herniation of the inner wall of the colon) have become infected - may develop peritonitis if the diverticulum perforates through the mucosal wall

Answer 13

diverticulitis

Question 14

the opening (mouth) from the bowel to the outside of the body

Answer 14

stoma

Question 15

inflammatory condition of the large intestine - may be caused by many factors including bacterial infection, diet, stress and other environmental conditions

Answer 15

colitis

Question 16

saclike projections similar to diverticula except that they project inward into the lumen rather than outward. can become inflamed and may be a source of bleeding

Answer 16

polyps

Question 17

inflammation of the vermiform process

Answer 17

appendicitis

Question 18

chronic inflammatory disease, typically located in the lower ileum by may be anywhere in the bowel - “string sign”

Answer 18

Crohn’s disease (regional enteritis)

Question 19

physical blockage of the bowel - may be due to a tumor, adhesions, or hernias

Answer 19

mechanical ileus

Question 20

black tarry stool

Answer 20

melena

Question 21

the most common tumors of the small bowel, have a benign appearance although they have the potential to become malignant. these small lesions tend to grow submucosally and frequently are missed radiographically

Answer 21

carcinoid tumors

Question 22

“new growth” a tumor that may be either benign or malignant

Answer 22

neoplasm

Question 23

conditions where the patient’s GI tract is unable to process and absorb certain nutrients

Answer 23

malabsorption syndrome

Question 24

what is it called when the stomach is also involved with inflammation of the intestine (small intestine)

Answer 24

gastroenteritis

Question 25

the telescoping of one part of the bowel into another, often seen with infants

Answer 25

intussusception

Question 26

malignant tumors of the small intestine

Answer 26

lymphoma and adenocarcinoma

Question 27

appears as small, barium-filled circular defects that project outward from the colon wall during a barium enema

Answer 27

diverticula

Question 28

an outpouching of the mucosal wall that may result from herniation of the inner wall of the colon. may become widespread throughout the colon. specifically the sigmoid colon. most common among adults older than 40 years of age

Answer 28

diverticulum

Question 29

conditions in which the GI tract is unable to process and absorb certain nutrients

Answer 29

sprue or malabsorption syndromes

Question 30

a severe form of colitis - chronic condition often leading to coin-like ulcers developing within the mucosal wall

Answer 30

ulcerative colitis

Question 31

rare disorder of the proximal small bowel whose cause is unknown. symptoms include dilation of the intestine, edema, malabsorption, deposits of fat in the bowel and wall and mesenteric nodules

Answer 31

whipple disease

Question 32

describes the ascending colon and the cecum as having a long mesentery which makes them more susceptible to a volvulus

Answer 32

cecal volvulus

Question 33

a form of inflammatory bowel disease of unknown origin, involving any part of the GI tract, but commonly involving the terminal ileum, leads to scarring and thickening of the bowel wall; scarring produces cobblestone appearance

Answer 33

regional enteritis (crohn disease)

Question 34

one of the most typical forms of colon cancer may form an "apple-core" or "napkin-ring" appearance as the tumor grows and infiltrates the bowel walls, frequently results in large bowel obstruction

Answer 34

annular carcinoma (adenocarcinoma)

Question 35

produce a short and sharp "napkin-ring" defects within the lumen, may lead to complete obstruction

Answer 35

adenocarcinoma

Question 36

demonstrated during a small bowel series as the "stacked coin" sign, caused by thickening, coarsening, and possible hemorrhage of the mucosal wall

Answer 36

lymphomas

Question 37

the absence of neurons in the bowel wall prevents the normal relaxation of the colon and subsequent peristalsis which results in gross dilation to the point of narrowing and constriction

Answer 37

congenital megacolon (Hirshsprung's)