Ch. 2 Review Flashcards
1
Q
Studies the relationship between biological processes (especially brain activity and behavior
A
Physiological Psychology
2
Q
Biological causes for abnormal behavior
A
Physiological Psychology
3
Q
Biologists of psychology
A
Physiological Psychology
4
Q
Cell body (Powerhouse)
A
Soma
5
Q
Branching structures that receive signals from other neurons
A
Dendrites
6
Q
Fiber that carries signals away from other cells
A
Axon
7
Q
Insulated material that encases some axons - speed BoOsT
A
Myelin sheath
8
Q
Small knobs at the end of axons that release neurotransmissions at synapse
A
Terminal buttons
9
Q
Neuron’s stable negative charge when inactive
A
Resting potential
10
Q
Voltage spike that travels along axons
A
Action Potential
11
Q
Brief time after spike firing before another can begin (ALL OR NOTHING DANIEL)
A
Absolute Refractory Period
12
Q
Al-or-None Law
A
A neuron either fires or it does not
13
Q
Brain and spinal chord
A
Central Nervous System
14
Q
Goes up from spinal chord - basic body functions
A
Hindbrain
15
Q
Coordinates fine muscle movement/coordination - alcohol affects this
A
Cerebellum
16
Q
Involved in sleep and arousal
A
Pons
17
Q
Regulates automatic functions such as breathing and circulation
A
Medulla
18
Q
Involved in finding objects in space; synthesizes dopamine
A
Midbrain
19
Q
Most complex - part of brain that THINKS
A
Forebrain
20
Q
Relay center for cortex; distributes incoming sensory signals except olfactory (smell)
A
Thalamus
21
Q
Handles complex mental activities such as sensing, learning, thinking, and planning
A
Cerebrum
22
Q
Primary sensory cortex
A
Parietal lobes
23
Q
Primary visual cortex
A
Occipital lobes
24
Q
Primary thinking cortex
A
Frontal lobes
25
Involved in mental reasoning; working memory
Prefrontal cortex
26
Cerebellum
Hindbrain
27
POns
Hindbrain
28
Medulla
Hindbrain
29
Thalamus
Forebrain
30
Cerebrum
Forebrain
31
Parietal lobes
Forebrain
32
Temporal lobes
Forebrain
33
Occipital lobe
Forebrain
34
Frontal lobes
Forebrain
35
Frefrontal cortex
Forebrain
36
Loosely connected network that contributes to emotions, attitudes, fears
Limbic System
37
Contributes to memory
Hippocampus
38
Involved in learning of fear responses and anger - angry Galitsky
Amygdala
39
Regulates basic biological needs such hunger, thirst, and sex
Hypothalamus
40
Consists of glands that secrete chemicals called hormones into bloodstream - regulate responses to stress, sexual development, hormones
Endocrine System
41
Nerves to voluntary muscles, sensory receptors
Somatic Nervous System
42
Nerves to skeletal muscles, blood vessels, smooth muscles, and glands
Autonomic Nervous System
43
Sensory function to motor
Afferent
44
Motor function to sensory
Efferent
45
Speeds up bodily resources
Sympathetic
46
Calms down bodily resources
Parasympathetic
47
Monitor electrical activity of brain over time, yielding trace lines called brain waves
EEG
48
Provides precise function of brain structure
CT/MRI scans
49
Removing a piece of the brain to learn about the functioning
Lesioning
50
Monitor level of activity of brain over time
PET scan
51
Sending weak current into a brain structure to stimulate that area
ESB
52
New technique that permits scientists to temporarily slow or stop activity in a specific area of the brain (used as a form of anesthesia)
TMS
53
Released by neurons that control and contract muscles; possible linked to Alzheimer's
Acetylcholine
54
Increased levels lead to schizophrenia
Dopamine
55
Decreased levels lead to Parkinson's
Dopamine
56
Dopamine circuits activated by
Reward center and midbrain
57
Natural high; pain suppressor
Endorphins
58
Inhibitory transmitter that contributes to regulation of neurotransmission
GABA
59
Abnormal levels linked to catecholamines; contributes to modulation of mood and arousal
Norepinephrines
60
Regulates sleep, mood, sense of well-being, abnormal levels linked to depression and OCD
Serotoninin
61
Mainly linked with ALS
ATP
62
Receptive problem; difficulty understanding words
Wernike's aphasia
63
Problems producing words
Broca's aphasia
64
Difficulty carrying out certain tasks
Aproxia
65
Right hemisphere controls
Left side of body
66
Visual/spatial abilities, art, emotion, intuition, creative processing, spatial, musical, and visual recognition tasks
Right side brain
67
Left hemisphere controls
Right side of body
68
Math, logic, language, problem soling, logical processing, language, speech, reading, and writing
Left side brain
69
Organisms mutate in endliess ways
Darwin's insight
70
Some traits are hereditary
Darwin's insight
71
Variation in hereditary traits might affect organisms' traits and reproductive success
Darwin's Insights
72
Reproductive success of an organism relative to survival
Fitness
73
How characteristics sculpted through natural selection because they helped sole a problem of survival or reproduction when they emerged
Adaptation
74
The sum of individuals own reproductive success and reproductive success of all others
Inclusive Fitness
75
Species' typical patterns of behavior often reflect evolutionary solutions to adaptive problems
Adaptive traits
76
Threadlike strands of DNA that carry genetic info
Chromosomes
77
Genetic segments that are key functional units in hereditary transmission
Genes
78
Homozygous
Same
79
Heterozygous
Different
80
Person's genetic makeup
Genotype
81
Person's physical characteristics
Phenoytype
82
Assess trait resemblance among blood relatives
Family studies
83
Compare trait resemblance of identical and fraternal twins
Twin studies
84
Compare adopted children to their genetic parents and to adoptive parents
Adoption studies
85
Determines location and chemical sequence of specific genes, which can help pinpoint links between particular genes and genetic traits
Genetic mapping
86
The limbic system is involved in the regulation of emotion memory, and
Motivation
87
Hunger center of the brain
Hypothalamus
88
All sensory info passes through the thalamus except
Smell
89
Charge of largely unconscious but vital functions
Medulla Oblongata
90
Emotion and agression
Amygdala
91
The limbic system is a loosely connected network of structures located roughly along the border between the cerebral cortex and deeper subcortical areas. Limbic mean s
Edge
92
The brainstem resembles
Cauliflower!
93
The left hemisphere of the human brain was implicated int eh control of language as early as
1861
94
Split brain surgery dude
Roger Sperry
95
Damage leads to problems with the comprehension of language
Wernicke's area
96
Which hemisphere is faster at processing visual spatial than which?
Right; left
97
Hormones released by the stomach and intestines help control what
Digestion
98
The endocrine system is controlled by the nervous system through the
Hypothalamus
99
Secretes hormones in response to stress can signal the hypothalamus to inhibit further hormone output
Adrenal medulla
100
Levels of many hormones are regulated through
Negative feedback systems
101
Body's sexual glands
Gonads
102
Hormones being released several times a day in outbursts that only last a few minutes
Pulsatile
103
What two characteristics jointly shape behavior
Logic and Heredity
104
Female wood frogs are sexually reproductive
5 nights a year
105
Consists of random fluctuation in gene frequencies over generations as a result of chance alone
Gene Flow
106
Monogamy tends to emerge when male and female parental investements are roughly
Opposite
107
Biochemical bases of genetic information
Molecular geneticists
108
Natural selection works on
Environment rather than society
109
Genes for detached earlobes are dominant over genes for attached earlobes
Heterozygous
110
Empirical approach depends on
Experimenting
111
Empirical methods are
Lifeblood of the scientific enterprise
112
Origin of Species was written in
1795
113
Sex cells that form a zygote each have
23 chromosomes
114
Human physiological makeup is influenced by
Genes
115
Control centers for the endocrine system
Thalamus, cerebellum
116
Twins that don't have exactly the same genotype
Dizygotic
117
Second cousins with a 6.25% genetic relationship fit into which degree of relatedness?
3rd degree
