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AP Psych > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

1
Q

The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to another

A

Social psychology

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2
Q

A belief and feeling that persists one to respond in a particular way to people, objects, or events

A

Attitudes

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3
Q

Inferences people draw about causes of events, others’ behavior, and their own behavior

A

Attributions

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4
Q

Adjusting one’s behavior or thinking to coincide with a group’s standards

A

Conformity

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5
Q

Persuation

A

Advertising

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6
Q

Any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy

A

Aggression

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7
Q

Physical attraction, romantic ideas, attachment, culture

A

Relationships

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8
Q

Judgments of others can be distorted by their physical appearance, as we tend to ascribe desirable characteristics and confidence to those who are good looking

A

Halo effect

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9
Q

Broad over-generalizations that can lead us to see what we expect to see and overestimate how often we have seen that

A

Stereotypes

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10
Q

People tend to overestimate degree to which others pay attention to them

A

Spotlight effect

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11
Q

Argue that many biases in person perception, such as tendency to quickly categorize people into ingroups and outgroups, exist because they were adaptive in humans’ ancestral past

A

Evolutionary psychologists

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12
Q

Ascribe causes of behavior to personal traits

A

Internal attributions

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13
Q

Ascribe causes of behavior to situational demand and environmental factors

A

External attributions

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14
Q

Actors favor external attributions in explaining their own behavior, though observers favor internal attributions

A

Actor-observer bias

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15
Q

Refers to observer’ bias in favor of internal attributions in overt behavior

A

Fundamental attribution error (FAE)

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16
Q

Tendency to blame victims for their misfortune, so that one feels less likely to be victimized in a similar manner

A

Defensive attributions

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17
Q

Tendency to explain one’s successes’ with internal attributions and one’s failures with external attributions

A

Self-serving bias

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18
Q

Putting personal goals ahead of group goals

A

Individualism

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19
Q

Putting group goals head of personal goals

A

Collectivism

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20
Q

Tend to be less prone to FAE and SSB than people from collectivist cultures

A

Individualistic cultures

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21
Q

Key determinant of romantic attraction for both sexes

A

Biological attractiveness

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22
Q

Males and females of roughly equal physical attractiveness are likely to select each other as partners

A

Matching hypothesis

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23
Q

Tend to be similar on many traits

A

Married / dating couples

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24
Q

Shows that liking breeds liking and loving promotes loving

A

Reciprocity

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25
Transcends culture
Traits people seek in prospective mates
26
Varies in ephasis as prerequisite for marriage
Romantic love
27
Influence attraction indicators of reproductive fitness
Good looks
28
Men emphasize
Youthfulness and attractiveness
29
Women emphasize
Financial prospects
30
Influence tactics that men and women use in pursuing romantic relationships
Gender gaps
31
Tend to under-estimate men's relationship commitments
Women
32
Tend to over-estimate women's sexual interest
Men
33
3 catagories of love attachmetn
Secure Anxious-ambivalent Avoidant
34
Tend to have more satisfying romantic relationships
Secure individuals
35
Made up of belief people hold about the object of an attitude
Cognitive component
36
Emotional feeling stimulated by an object of thought
Affective component
37
Predisposition to act in certain ways toward attitudinal object
Behavioral component
38
How firmly attitudes are held
Attitude strength
39
How often and how quickly an attitude comes to mind
Attitude accessibility
40
How conflicted one feels about an attitude
Attitude ambivalence
41
Poor to mediocre predictors of people's behavior
Attitudes
42
More successful when a source has credibility, which may depend on expertise or trustworthiness
Persuasion
43
Tends to increase success in persuasion
Likeability
44
Only gives viewpoint advertised
One-sided arguments
45
More effective than one-sided
Two-sided arguments
46
Tend to work if they are actually successful in arousing fear
Fear appeals
47
More difficult when receiver is forewarned about persuasive effort
Persuasion
48
Greater when a message is incompatible with receiver's existing attitudes and when strong attitudes are targeted
Resistance
49
Affective component of an attitude can be shaped by classical conditioning
Learning theory
50
Strengthened by reinforcement or acquired through observational learning
Attitudes
51
Inconsistency between attitudes motivates attitude change
Festinger
52
Explains attitude change after counter-attitudinal behavior or when people need to justify their great effort to attain something
Dissonance theory
53
Attitudes don't determine behavior as much as people infer their attitudes from behavior
Daryl Bem
54
Depends on logic of one's message
Central route to persuasion
55
Depends on non-message factors, such as emotions
Peripheral route to persuasion
56
Produces a more durable attitude changw
CPR
57
People are less likely to provide help when they are in groups than when alone because of diffusion of responsibility
Bystander effect
58
Often declines in groups because of loss of coordination and social loafing - reduced effort seen when people work in groups
Productivity
59
When discussion leads a group to shift toward a more extreme decision in direction already leaning
Group polarization
60
Cohesive group suspends critical thinking in a misguided effort to promote agreement
Groupthink
61
Often fail to share information unique to them
Individuals in groups
62
Showed people have a surprisingly strong tendency to conform
Solomon Asch
63
Becomes more likely as group size increases up to a size of 4
Conformity
64
Presence in a group greatly reduces conformity observed
Dissenter
65
Higher levels of conformity observed in
Collective societies
66
Factors affecting conformity
``` Status within group Public vs private Type of task Cohesiveness of group Gender ```
67
Shock range in Asch experiment
15 to 450
68
Increments of voltage in Asch experiment
15
69
Voltage at which psychiatrists, college students, middle class adults, all said taht they would stop shocking
135 volts
70
Percentage of men that continued shocking to 450
63%
71
Percentage of particepents that continued shocking when informed of subjects' heart condition
65%
72
Helped stimulate stricter ethical standards for research
Generalizability of Milgram' findings

AP Psych (34 decks)

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