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AP Psych > Ch. 5 Review > Flashcards

Ch. 5 Review Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

A type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response originally evoked by another stimulus

A

Classical conditioning

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2
Q

Man behind Classical Conditioning

A

Pavlov

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3
Q

Conditioned dogs to salivate when a bell was presented

A

Pavlov

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4
Q

Mainly regulates involuntary and reflexive responses

A

Classical conditioning

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5
Q

Emotional responses

A

Phobias (classically conditioned)

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6
Q

Physiological response

A

Bodily response

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7
Q

Responses controlled through CC are said to be

A

Illicited

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8
Q

Any event in the environment that automatically causes a response

A

UCS

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9
Q

Naturally recurring response - unlearned

A

UCR

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10
Q

Anything that does not automatically cause a response UCR

A

Neutral Stimulus

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11
Q

Previously NS causes a response

A

CS

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12
Q

Learned response to previously neutral CS

A

CR

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13
Q

When a CS and UCR are paired = CR

A

Acquisition

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14
Q

When a CS is repeatedly presented alone until no longer elicits CR

A

Extinction

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15
Q

The reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of non-exposure to the CS

A

Spontaneous recovery

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16
Q

When a CR is elicited by a new stimulus that resembles the original CS

A

Generalization

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17
Q

When a CR is NOT elicited by a new stimulus that resembles the original CS

A

Discrimination

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18
Q

When a CS functions as if a UCS

A

Higher-order conditioning

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19
Q

A type of learning in which responses come to be controlled by their consequences

A

Operant Conditioning

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20
Q

Man behind Operant conditioning

A

Skinner (and Thorndike)

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21
Q

Showed that rates and pigeons tend to repeat responses that are followed by favorable outcomes

A

Skinner

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22
Q

Responses controlled through OC said to be

A

Elicit

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23
Q

Demonstrations of OC typically occur in a

A

Skinner box (operant chamber)

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24
Q

Animal’s response rate, as monitored by a cumulative recorder - results portrayed in graphs (steeper slope = faster response)

A

Key DV (dependent variable)

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25
When a response gradually increases due to contingent reinforcement
Acquisition
26
The reinforcement of closer and closer approximations to desired response
Shaping
27
When responding gradually stops and slows after reinforcement is terminated
Extinction
28
When organism continues to make response after reinforcement has been terminated
Resistance to extinction
29
When responding increases int eh presence of a stimulus resembles the original discriminative stimulus
Generalization
30
When responding does not increase in presence of a stimulus that resembles the original discriminative stimulus
Discrimination
31
Inherently reinforcing
Primary reinforcer
32
Develop through learning
Secondary reinforcer
33
Behavior therapy used to reduce anxiety responses through counter-conditioning
Systematic desensitization
34
Stay relaxed
Relaxation training
35
Constructing a list of things from least to most fearful
Fear hierarchy
36
Work through the list of fears
Move through heirarchy
37
Rapid/intense exposure to fear response without the possibility of escape
Flooding
38
Reconditioning to change response - based on CC
Counterconditioning
39
Origins in basic research
Skinner/Thordike
40
Increase rate of appropriate responses
Operant conditioning
41
Establish positive responses
Operant conditioning
42
Decrease rates of inappropriate responses
Operant conditioning
43
Addition of pleasurable consequence
Positive reinforcement
44
Reinforcement of response by removal of a negative stimulus
Negative reinforcement
45
Sex, food, and touch
Primary reinforcers
46
Money, toys, chocolate
Secondary reinforcers
47
Basic(ish) reinforcers
Generalized reinforcers
48
Recognition, prizes, applause
Social reinforcers
49
Affect senses
Sensory reinforcers
50
People will do a less desirable thing for a more desirable reward
Premack principle
51
Every time - faster
Continuous schedule of reinforcement
52
Every other time - slower
Partial or intermittent reinforcement
53
Buy one get one free - consistent amount
Fixed ratio
54
Bonus every two weeks - depends on time
Fixed interval
55
Schedule that changes - bonus every 3 cars, then 2 cars Slot machine Most addictive
Variable ratio
56
Behaving differently in the presence of 1 stimulus vs another
Stimulus control
57
Constantly changing the amount - fishing
Variable interval
58
Circumstance or action that precedes reinforcement - ability to differentiate between stimuli
Discriminative stimuli
59
Delivery of punisher is close in time with an independent variable - walking under ladders
Superstitious behavior
60
Reinforcement is closer to a desired response - refining behavior behavior - dishes
Shaping
61
Reinforce appropriate responses
Positive reinforcement
62
Completely ignore undesirable stimuli
Extinction
63
Response -> punishment
Timeout
64
Time out
Responses cost
65
Opposite of operant conditioning - weaken response
Punishment
66
Anxiety - Anger - Hostility - Aggressive behavior
Side effects of frequent use of punishment
67
Consistent - delivered swiftly - severe
Necessary for punishment to be effective
68
Watch/learn
High status models
69
Observing peers
Similar models
70
Affects performance - not learning - paid participation -
Rewarded models
71
View that clinical depression can result in breaking someone - point that they no longer wish to fight back
Learned helplessness
72
The act of people knowing exactly where to place a key and what to do with that key
Observation
73
If an observer sees the modeled response lead to a _____ outcome, the observer's tendency to emit the modeled response will be ____
Favorable; strengthened
74
Bandura's four key processes that are crucial in observational learning
Attention - reproduction - retention - observation
75
Most people can not execute a breath-taking windmill dunk after John Halicek perform such a feat. This is an example of
Reproduction
76
Carol has an important project due, but the project is on audio tape. Carol must listen to the tape, present the material to the class, and remember everything in a certain amount of time. She will use the method of
Retention
77
John watched his mother steal a car and be arrested for the crime. Two weeks later, John steals money from a store. This is an example of
Attention
78
Parents may insist on hitting their children because of their children's aggressive behavior. In this scenario, the parents are acting as
Models
79
The types of learning
Classical conditioning, observational learning, operant conditioning
80
An English titmouse learning to break into milk bottles by observing the thievery of other titmice is an example of which type of learning?
Observational learning
81
Children acquire a diverse array of responses from
Role models
82
The principles of learning and conditioning have been applied to
Education, business, and industry
83
Research on conditioning generally has demonstrated the importance of _____, but findings regarding the biological constraints on conditioning have shown that _____ is also very important
Nurture, nature
84
The biological preparedness explanation for conditioned taste aversions illustrates which of your text's unifying themes?
Heredity and environment jointly influence behavior
85
In today's business world, management often emphasizes positive reinforcement more than in the past. This illustrates
Psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context
86
Model of operationing conditioning shows how reinforcement and punishment can mold everything from a child's bedtime whimpering to an adult's restaurant preferences
Skinner
87
Jointly influence behavior
Environment; heredity
88
This model shows how experiences can account for everyday fears and other emotional responses
Classical conditioning model
89
"Most human behavior is learned by observation through modeling"
Bandura
90
The principles of observational learning have also been used to explain why physical punishment does what to aggressive behavior
Increases

AP Psych (34 decks)

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