Chapter 3 Review Flashcards by Sophia Torres

Light waves

Vary in wavelength

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Light waves affect the perception of

Amplitude
Wavelength
Purity

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Amplitude

Brightness

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Wavelength

Color (hue)

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Purity

Saturated

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Light is registered by

Receptors in the eye

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Focuses light rays falling on the retina

Lens

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Regulates amount of light passing near the rear of the eye

Pupil

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Neural tissue lining inside back surface of the eye

Retina

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A hole int he retina that corresponds to blind spot

Optic disk

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A tiny spot in center of retina where visual acuity is greatest

Fovea

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Play key role in night and peripheral vision is greatly outnumber cones

Rods

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Play a key role in day and color vision and provide greater acuity than rods

Cones

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Collections of rods and cones that funnel signals to specific visual cells in the retina or the brain

Receptive fields

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Makes visual system sensitive to contrast rather than absolute levels of light

Lateral antagonism

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Handles perception of color

Parvocellular channel

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Processes information regarding brightness

Magnocellular channel

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Handles coordination of usual input with other sensory input

Second visual pathway

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Located in occipital lobe handles initial cortical processing of visual cortex that respond reletively to specific features of complex stimuli

Primary visual cortex

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Neurons in the visual cortex that respond selectively to specific features of complex stimuli

Feature detectors

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“Where” pathway

Dorsal stream

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“What” pathway

Ventral stream

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A discrepancy between the appearance of a visual stimulus and its physical reality

Defined

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Works by removing some wavelength of light, leaving less light

Subtractive color mixing

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Works by putting more light in the mixture than any one light

Additive color mixing

Holds that the eye has three groups of receptors seisive to wavelengths

Trichromatic Theory

Blue Red Green

Trichromatic theory

Receptors make antagonistic responses to each 3 pairs of colors; members in each par work in opposition to each other

Opponent Process theory

Normal color vision; 3 functioning cone systems (Red/Green, Yellow/Blue, White/Black)

Trichromat

2 functioning system, usually black/white and yellow/blue

Dichromat

1 functioning system; color blind; can only see in black/white; and shades of grey; occurs twice as often in males that females

Monochromat

Carried on x gene

Color-blindness

Detecting specific elements and assembling them into complex forms - Gestalt principles

Feature Analysis

Viewers tend to supply missing elements to close or complete a figure

Closure

Elements that are close to one another tend to be grouped together

Proximity

Viewers tend to organize elements in the simplest way possible

Simplicity

Viewers tend to see elements in ways that produce smooth continuation

Continuity

Form perception often involves

Perceptual hypotheses

Inferences about distal stimuli that could be responsible for

Stimuli sensed

Cues about distance based on differing views of the two eyes

`Binocular depth cues

R and Lest eyes see slightly different views of objects w/in 25 feet

Retinal disparity

Clues about distance based on images in either eye alone

Monocular depth cues

Monocular clues that can be given in a flat picture

Pictorial clues

Parallel lines that run away from the viewer seem to get closer together

Linear perspective

As distance increases, texture gradually becomes denser and less distinct

Texture gradient

Shapes of near objects overlap/mask those of more distant ones

Interposition

If separate objects are expected to be the same size, the larger ones are seen as closer

Relative size

Near objects are low in a visual field; more distant ones are higher up

Height in a plane

Patterns of light and dark suggest shadows can create impression of 30 forms

Light and Shadow

Loud

Amplitude

Wavelength

Pitch

Purity

Tinder

External ear's sound collecting cone

Pinna

Taut membrane at the end of auditory canal that vibrates in response to sound waves

Eardrum

3 tiny bones in middle ear that convert eardrum's vibrations into smaller motions

Ossicles

Fluid-filled coiled tunnel housing inner ear's neural tissue

Chochlea

Holds hair cells that serve as auditory receptors

Basilar membrane

Perception of pitch depends on portion of Basilar Membrane vibrated

Place Theory

Von Helmholtz

Perception of pitch depends on basilar membrane's rate of vibration

Frequency theory

Explain pitch perception

Place Theory AND Frequency Theory

Involves locating source of sounds in space

Auditory Localization

Studies the relationship between stimulation in environment and how that is perceived

Psychophysics

Smallest amount of stimulation detectable

Absolute threshold

Smallest amount of change in stimulation detectable

Difference Threshold (JND)

The size of a JND is a constant proportion of size of initial stimulus

Weber's Law

Detection of stimuli involves decision processes as well as sensory processes

Signal detection theory

Registration of sensory input without conscious awareness; a genuine phenomenon, but effects tend to be weak

Subliminal Perception

Gilby's gin advertising sex

Subliminal perception

Gradual decline in sensitivity to a stimulus with prolonged stimulation

Sensory adaptation

Taste cells absorb chemicals in ____ and trigger enuroal impulses routed through ___

Saliva; thalamus

Taste buds sensitive to

4 basic tastes

Sweet Bitter Sour Savory (unami)

Largely influenced and heavily shaped by social process

Taste preferences

Have more taste buds and are more sensitive than others to certain sweet and bitter substances

Super tasters

Absorb chemicals in nose and trigger neural impulses

Olfactory cilia

Only sensory system not routed through the thalamus

Smell

Most respond to more than one odor

Olfactory receptors

Difficulty attaching to odors

Names

sensory receptors in skin respond to

Pressure Temperature Pain

Pain signals travel along fast pathway that registers

Localized pain

Pain signals travel along slow pathway that registers

Less localized pain sensations

Pain is

Subjective to cultural variations

Receptors monitor position of various parts of the body

Kinesthetic System

Receptors provide information about body's location in space

Vestibular System