ch. 35 Flashcards by bio 2

functions of a root (3)

1) anchors the plant
2) absorbs minerals and water
3) stores carbohydrates

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what is the primary root?

the first root to emerge

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what does the primary root branch end up forming?

it forms secondary and tertiary branches that improve anchorage and water absorption

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characteristic of tall plants

large shoot masses with taproot system

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What does a taproot develop from? What is its function?

1) develops from the primary root
2) anchors plants in the soil

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What part of the root does primary absorption take place?

Tertiary roots

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Cell

fundamental unit of life

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tissue

Group of cells consisting of one or more cell types that perform a specialized function

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organ

consists of several types of tissues that carry out particular functions

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which type of plants have fibrous root systems?

Small or Trailing plants

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what is a fibrous root system?

Thick mat of roots spread out beneath the soil surface

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why does a root system turn into a fibrous system not a tap root system?

the primary root dies early on in development

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What are root hairs?

Extension of epidermal cells

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Where do root hairs form?

they form near the tip of the root

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What is the function of root hairs?

They increase the absorptive surface of root

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Root systems form?

mycorrhizal associations with soil hyphae

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Pheumo

lung or breath

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Phore

to bear

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5 types of specialized roots

1) buttress
2) “strangling” aerial
3) Pneumatophores
4) storage
5) Prop roots

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What is a stem?

plant organ consisting of
1) alternating system of nodes
2) internodes

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Apical

at the tip or top

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Axill

arm pit

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_____ of the _____ causes elongation of a _________

Apical meristem, apical bud, young shoot

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what is an axillary bud?

structure that can form a lateral branch, thorn, or flower

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What is apical dominance?

Terminal bud (apical bud) releases auxin inhibiting growth of axillary buds

What is pruning?

Removal of the terminal bud (apical bud) allows dormant axillary buds to develop

What is the primary function of a stem?

elongate and orient shoot to maximize photosynthesis

4 types of modified stems

1) Stolon 2) Rhizome 3) Tuber 4) Corm

What are bulbs?

short stems with fleshy leaves

What are corms?

Rounded storage organs, have a base covered with scale leaves, a specialized stem

What is the difference between dicot and monocot stems?

Dicot is arranged in a disk, while monocot is scattered

where does most photosynthesis take place?

the leaf

What do leaves do? (4)

1) dissipate heat 2) intercept light 3) exchange gases 4) Defend

what does the petiole do?

joins leaf to node of the stem

monocot leaves have what type of veins

parallel

eudicot leaves have what type of veins

branching veins

4 specialized leaves

1) tendril 2) spines 3) storage leaves 4) reproductive leaves

function of tendrils (1)

support and climbing

function of spines (2)

1) protect 2) reduce water loss

function of storage leaves (1)

food and water storage

function of reproductive leaves (plantlet) (1)

asexual reproduction

3 types of tissues types for roots stems and leaves

1) dermal 2) vascular 3) ground tissues

what is dermal tissue for herbaceous plants?

epidermis

what is the dermal tissue for woody plants?

periderm

What is the function of Guard cells?

facilitate gas exchange throughout the stomata

What do vascular tissue do?

Transports materials through the plant and provides mechanical support

Dead and alive cells : xylem and phloem

xylem is made up of dead cells phloem is made up of living cells

What is a stele?

vascular tissue of the root

What is the shape of the angiosperm's stele?

solid central vascular cylinder

Tip for identifying ground tissue

neither dermal (outside) or vascular

What is the pith?

ground tissue internal to the vascular tissue

What is the cortex?

ground tissue external to the vascular tissue

Ground tissue includes cells specialized to carry out: (4)

1) photosynthesis 2) storage 3) support 4) transport

5 major types of plant cells

1) parenchyma 2) collenchyma 3) sclerenchyma 4) water-conducting cells of xylem 5) sugar-collecting cells of phloem

parenchyma (4)

1) thin flexible primary walls 2) large central vacuole 3) metabolic functions 4) able to divide and differentiate

What kind of walls to parenchyma have?

thin flexible primary walls

Collenchyma (4)

1) unevenly thickened primary walls 2) support young parts of plant shoot 3) living at maturity 4) provide flexible support without restraining growth

What kind of walls do collenchyma have

Unvevenly thickened primary walls

Sclerenchyma

1) thick secondary walls containing lignin, makes it rigid 2) dead at maturity

What kind of walls to sclerenchyma have?

thick secondary walls containing lignin

2 types of sclerenchyma

1) sclereids: short, irregular shape 2) fibers: long and slender arranged in threads

2 types of water-conducting cells of the xylem

1) tracheids: dead, long, thin with tapered ends. 2) vessel elements: align end to end to form long pipes, common in most angiosperm and a few gymnosperms and seedless vascular plants

water movement through tracheids

it moves through pits, thin regions lacking a secondary cell wall

water movement through vessel elements

It moves through perforation plates

sugar-conducting cells of the phloem (2)

2 types: sieve cells and sieve-tube elements 1) alive 2) lacks organelles

What type of plants have sieve cells?

in seedless vascular plants and gymnosperms

What type of plants have sieve-tube elements?

angiosperms

what are sieve plates

porous end walls between sieve tube elements

what does the nucleus and ribosome of the companion cell do

serve as adjacent sieve tube elements

What connects sieve tube elements and companion cells?

plasmodesmata

indeterminate growth

when something can grow throughtout its life

What is determinate growth

most animals and some plant organs stop growing at a certain size

What is primary growth

growing longer at the tip of roots or shoots

secondary growth (2)

vascular cambium: adds layers of secondary xylem and phloem cork cambium: replaces epidermis with periderm

Zones where cell growth takes place (3)

1) zone of cell division 2) zone of elongation 3) zone of differentiation

3 parts of primary meristems

1) protoderm 2) ground meristem 3) procambium

longevity, life cycles (3)

1) annuals: 1 yr or less 2) biennials: 2 growing seasons 3) perennials: many years

Monocots plants will have what type of roots?

fibrous roots

How does the inside of monocot roots differ from eudicot roots

eudicot has vascular tissue shaped as X

ch. 35 Flashcards

(79 cards)