Ch 50 A

Question 1

Stimuli =

Answer 1

energy

Question 2

When may a motor response be generated?

Answer 2

When a stimulus is received and processed by the nervous system

Question 3

What are the 4 basic function of the sensory pathway?

Answer 3

1) Sensory reception
2) Transduction
3) Transmission
4) Perception

Question 4

What is Sensory reception?

Answer 4

Detecting of stimulus by sensory receptors

Question 5

What is Transduction?

Answer 5

Conversion of stimulus energy into a change in membrane potential of a sensory receptor

Question 6

What is Transmission?

Answer 6

Sensory info travels through the nervous system as action potentials

Question 7

Where does a sensory pathway begin?

Answer 7

Sensory reception
Detection of stimuli by sensory receptors

Question 8

What are Sensory receptors?

Answer 8

Sensory cells or organs

Question 9

What are the 2 types of sensory receptions?

Answer 9

1) neuronal: receptor is the afferent neuron
2) non-neuronal: receptor regulates afferent neuron

Question 10

What is transduction?

Answer 10

Conversion of stimulus into a change in membrane potential

Question 11

Receptor potentials are what kind of potential?
why?

Answer 11

Graded potentials
Magnitude varies with strength of stimulus

Question 12

What is transmission?

Answer 12

Sensory info travels through the nervous system as action potentials

Question 13

How does sensory information travel through nervous system?

Answer 13

As action potential

Question 14

What changes how often action potentials are produced

Answer 14

Stimulus

Question 15

What is integration?

Answer 15

When our brain combines info from different sources

Question 16

When can the processing of sensory information occur?

Answer 16

Before, during, and after transmission of action potentials to the CNS

Question 17

When does integration begin?

Answer 17

As soon as information is received

Question 18

What is perception?

Answer 18

The brain’s construction of stimuli
How the brain interprets incoming info

Question 19

How does brain distinguish stimuli from different receptors ?

Answer 19

Based on the path by which the action potential arrive

Question 20

What is sensory adaptation?

Answer 20

The decrease in responsiveness to continued stimulation

Question 21

What is amplification?

Answer 21

the strenthening of a sensory signal during transduction

Question 22

5 sensory receptors

Answer 22

1) Mechanoreceptors
2) Chemoreceptors
3) Electromagnetic receptors
4) Thermoreceptors
5) Pain receptors

Question 23

How do Mechanoreceptors work? (2)

Answer 23

1) Sense physical deformation caused by mechanical energy
2) Uses ion channels linked to structures outside the cell

Question 24

What does mammalian sense of touch relies on?

Answer 24

Mechanoreceptors that are dendrites of sensory neurons

Question 25

What are the 2 touch organ receptors?

Answer 25

1) free nerve ending 2) meissner corpuscle

Question 26

What do mechanoreceptors open?

Answer 26

mechanically gated channels

Question 27

How do Chemoreceptors work? (2)

Answer 27

1) Some transmit info about the total solute concentration of a solution (ex. blood) 2) Others respond to individual kinds of molecules (ex. taste cells, olfactory rececption cells)

Question 28

What happens when a stimulus molecule binds to a chemoreceptor?

Answer 28

Chemoreceptor becomes more or less permeable to ions

Question 29

What do chemoreceptors open?

Answer 29

chemically gated channels

Question 30

How do Electromagnetic receptors work?

Answer 30

Detect electromagnetic energy such as light, electricity, magnetism

Question 31

What do electromagnetic receptors open?

Answer 31

electrically gated channels

Question 32

How do Thermoreceptors work?

Answer 32

1) Detect heat and cold 2) changes in temp open Ca+ channels

Question 33

What is special about jalepeno and cayenne peppers regarding thermoreceptors?

Answer 33

Receptors respond to capsaicin by opening a calcium channel

Question 34

What is a special trait about mammalian thermoreceptors?

Answer 34

they have thermoreceptors for each particular temperature range

Question 35

How do Pain receptors work?

Answer 35

AKA Nociceptors- detect stimuli that reflect harmful conditions

Question 36

What do pain receptors respond to

Answer 36

Excess heat, pressure, or chemicals from damaged or inflamed tissues

Question 37

Invertebrates maintain equilibrium using mechanoreceptors located in organs called

Answer 37

statocysts

Question 38

Statocysts detect movements of granules called

Answer 38

statoliths

Question 39

What do statoliths do?

Answer 39

Provide info about the body position with respect to gravity

Question 40

What kind of channels detect changes in atmospheric pressure

Answer 40

Mechanically gated

Question 41

How do we hear

Answer 41

The ear transduces pressure waves (stimulus) into nerve impulses

Question 42

What do we use to hear inside the ear?

Answer 42

Hair cells

Question 43

Hearing process

Answer 43

1) vibrating objects create pressure waves in air 2) Air reaches the outer ear and vibrates the tympanic membrane 3) three bones of the middle ear transmit the vibrations to the oval window 4) The stapes vibrates against the oval window which creates pressure waves in the fluid inside the cochlea 5) pressure waves push down the cochlear duct and basilar membrane causing hair cells to vibrate up and down 6) depolarizes membranes of mechanoreceptors and sends action potential via the auditory nerve

Question 44

When do fluid waves dissipate?

Answer 44

When they strike the round window at the end of the tympanic canal

Question 45

What resets the apparatus for the next vibrations

Answer 45

The damping of sound at the round window

Question 46

What is volume?

Answer 46

the amplitude of the sound wave

Question 47

What is pitch?

Answer 47

the frequency of the sound wave

Question 48

What is special about the basilar membrane and frequency?

Answer 48

each region is tuned for a particular vibration frequency

Question 49

what organs contain hair cells projecting into a gelatinous material?

Answer 49

Utricle and Saccule

Question 50

What helps us perceive position relative to gravity or linear movement

Answer 50

Otoliths

Question 51

What contains fluid and can detect angular movement in any direction

Answer 51

Semicircular canals (3)

Question 52

What do fish have for hearing?

Answer 52

Pair of inner ears near the brain

Question 53

Lateral line system

Answer 53

Contains mechanorecptors with hair cells that detect and respond to water movement