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Biology 102 > ch 53 > Flashcards

ch 53 Flashcards

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1
Q

Population ecology explores the ________, _______, ______ of populations

A

abundance
dispersion
age structure

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2
Q

A ________ is a group of individuals of a single species living in the same general area

A

population

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3
Q

populations are described by their _______ and _______

A

boundaries and size

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4
Q

The number of individuals is called

A

population size

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5
Q

the number of individuals per unit area or volume

A

density

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6
Q

the pattern of spacing among individuals within the boundaries of the population

A

Dispersion

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7
Q

_______ can be used to estimate densities and total population sizes

A

sampling techniques

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8
Q

Population size can be estimated by? (3)

A

1) extrapolation from small samples
2) an index of population size (e.g., number of nests)
3) the mark-recapture method

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9
Q

Whats the formula for the mark and recapture method?

A

N=sn/x

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10
Q

Scientists capture, tag, and release a random sample of individuals (__) in a population
Marked individuals are given time to mix back into the population
Scientists capture a second sample of individuals (__), and note how many of them are marked (__)
Population size (__) is estimated by N=sn/x

A

s, n, x, N

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11
Q

the influx of new individuals from other areas

A

Immigration

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12
Q

the movement of individuals out of a population

A

Emigration

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13
Q

What are the 3 types of dispersion

A

1) clumped
2) uniform
3) random

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14
Q

The most common pattern of dispersion is _______

A

clumped

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15
Q

Clumped dispersions are influenced mainly by _______

A

resource availability

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16
Q

clumped dispersions can also be influenced by _______ and _______

A

Mating behavior; group defense against predators

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17
Q

Dispersion in which individuals are evenly distributed

A

Uniform dispersion

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18
Q

Uniform dispersion may be influenced by social interactions such as _______

A

territoriality

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19
Q

the defense of a bounded space against other individuals

A

territoriality

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20
Q

Dispersion in which the position of each individual is independent of other individuals

A

random dispersion

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21
Q

When does random dispersion occur?

A

absence of strong attractions or repulsions among individuals

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22
Q

the study of these vital statistics of a population and how they change over time

A

Demography

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23
Q

an age-specific summary of the survival and reproductive rates within a population

24
Q

life tables are often made by following the ________ of a _______, a group of individuals of the same age

25
a group of individuals of the same age is called a?
cohort
26
A _______ is a graphic way of representing the data in a life table
survivorship curve
27
What type of curve is: Low death rates during early and middle life and an increase in death rates among older age groups
Type I
28
What type of curve is: A constant death rate over the organism’s life span
Type II
29
What type of curve is: High death rates for the young and a lower death rate for survivors
Type III
30
Change in population size (total) =
births + immigrants - Deaths - emigrants
31
change in N/ change in T =
Births (B) - Deaths (D) which can be represented as (R)
32
population increase under idealized conditions
Exponential population growth
33
The maximum population size the environment can support
Carrying capacity (K)
34
In the _______ model, the per capita rate of population growth approaches zero as the population size nears carrying capacity (K)
logistics population growth
35
What are the 3 key components of organism’s life history?
1) Maturity (The age at first reproduction) 2) how often the organism reproduces 3) clutch size (How many offspring are produced per reproductive episode)
36
species that reproduce once and die
semelparity
37
species that produce offspring repeatedly
iteroparity
38
there is a _______ between survival and paternal care (brood size) in European kestrels
trade-off
39
Selective pressures influence trade-offs between the _______ and _______ of offspring
number and size
40
Are sea turtles r or K selected?
They're a mixture they are K selected because they mature late, expend a lot of energy to reach birth place to lay eggs, and live a long time they are r selected because they produce a lot of offspring and don't undergo parental care
41
What are the 2 types of population changes regarding density?
density-independent density-dependent
42
In density-_______ populations, birth rate and death rate do not change with population density
independent
43
In density-_______ populations, birth rates fall and death increase with rising population density
dependent
44
What are the 6 density-dependent factors?
1) competition for resources 2) disease 3) predation 4) territoriality 5) toxic wastes 6) intrinsic factors
45
In crowded populations, increasing population density intensifies _______ and results in a lower birth rate
competition for resources
46
What factor is characterized in dense populations as pathogens can spread more rapidly
disease
47
As a prey population builds up, _______ may feed preferentially on that species
predators
48
_______ can limit population density when individuals compete for limited space
territoriality
49
Accumulation of _______ can contribute to density-dependent regulation of population size
toxic wastes
50
For some populations, _______ (physiological) appear to regulate population size
intrinsic factors
51
describe boom or bust cycles
Increase and decrease of population following a cycle of time periods
52
When a population becomes crowded and resource competition increases, _______ often increases
emigration
53
groups of populations linked by immigration and emigration
Metapopulations
54
Local populations in a metapopulation occupy patches of _______ habitat surrounded by _______ habitat
suitable; unsuitable
55
the relative number of individuals of each age in a population
age structure
56
One important factor affecting population growth is a country’s _______
age structure

Biology 102 (38 decks)

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