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Biology 102 > CH 41 > Flashcards

CH 41 Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

Food is taken in, taken apart, and taken up in the process of animal _______

A

nutrition

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2
Q

What type of feeders are most animals?

A

Opportunistic feeders
(Herbivores, Carnivores, Omnivores)

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3
Q

What are essential nutrients?

A

Required materials that an animal cannot assemble from simpler organic materials
Must be obtained from the animal’s diet

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4
Q

What are the 4 classes of essential nutrients?

A

1) Essential amino acids
2) Essential fatty acids
3) Vitamins
4) Minerals

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5
Q

Animals require ___ amino acids and can synthesize about _______ from molecules in their diet

A

20; half

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6
Q

Where do essential amino acids come from?

A

Obtained from food

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7
Q

What are fatty acids used for? What is the special one in mammals?

A

Membranes, signaling, storage fats
(Mammals- linoleic acid)

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8
Q

where can you get fatty acids from?

A

East seeds, grains, vegetables

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9
Q

What are vitamins? How many are essential for humans? What are the 2 types?

A

1) Organic molecules required in the diet in very small amounts
2) 13 are essential for humans
3) Two categories: fat soluble and water soluble

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10
Q

What are minerals?

A

Simple inorganic nutrients, required in small amounts

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11
Q

What is malnutrition?

A

Failure to obtain adequate nutrition
Causes deformities, disease, death

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12
Q

What is underourishment?

A

Diet does not provide enough chemical energy

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13
Q

What happens to undernourished individual (5)

A

1) Used up stored fat and Carbs
2) Break down its own proteins
3) Lose muscle mass
4) Suffer protein deficiency of the brain
5) Die or suffer irreversible damage

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14
Q

Epidemiology

A

Study of human health and disease in population

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15
Q

What causes neural tube defects in babies

A

Deficiency in folic acid in pregnant mothers

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16
Q

What is ingestion?

A

The act of eating or feeding

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17
Q

4 types of ingestion?

A

Filter Feeders
Substrate feeders
Fluid feeders
Bulk feeders

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18
Q

What is digestion?

A

The process of breaking food down into molecules small enough to absorb

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19
Q

2 types of digestion

A

Mechanical digestion: Chewing/grinding, increases surface area of food
Chemical Digestion: Splits food into small molecules that can pass through membranes; these are used to build larger molecules

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20
Q

What is enzymatic hydrolysis?

A

to split bonds with the addition of water (Used in chemical digestion)

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21
Q

What is absorption?

A

Is uptake of small molecules by body cells

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22
Q

What is elimination?

A

The passage of undigested material out of the digestive system

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23
Q

What does having digestive compartments do?

A

Reduces the risk of an animal digesting its own cells and tissues

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24
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

Food particles that get engulfed

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25
What is pinocytosis?
Liquid particles that get engulfed
26
Explain the digestion of a food particle by a single cell (4)
1) food particle is engulfed by phagocytosis 2) Food vacuole is formed 3) lysosomes fuse with food vacuole 4) Digestive enzymes in lysosome digest food
27
What is extracellular digestion?
The breakdown of food particles outside of cells Occurs in compartments that are continuous with the outside of the animals body
28
What is an alimentary canal?
complete digestive tract: mouth and anus
29
What are accessory glands?
Secrete digestive juices into alimentary canal Mammals have salivary glands, the pancreas, the liver, and the gall balder
30
Where does food processing begin?
Oral Cavity
31
What does salivary glands do?
Deliver saliva to lubricate food
32
What does saliva contain?
contains mucus and amylase
33
What does tongue movement cause?
It creates bolus and helps with swallowing
34
What does the pharynx do?
Junction that opens to the esophagus and trachea
35
What is the esophagus?
Connects to stomach
36
What is trachea?
Leads to lungs (windpipe)
37
What does the epiglottis do?
Blocks entry to trachea
38
What does the larynx do?
Guides bolus
39
What pushes food from the pharynx to the stomach?
Peristalsis: rhythmic contractions of muscles in the wall of the canal
40
What are sphincters?
Valves that regulate movement of materials between compartments
41
What does the stomach do?
Stores food and processes it into liquid suspension Secretes gastric juice which makes chyme
42
What is chyme?
Mixture of food and gastric juice
43
What are the traits of gastric juice?
Low ph, 2, kills bacteria and denatures proteins Made up of HCL and pepsin
44
What is pepsin?
Is a protease that breaks peptide bonds to cleave proteins
45
What do parietal cells do?
Secrete hydrogen and chloride ions into the lumen of the stomach
46
What are chief cells?
Secretes inactive pepsinogen, which activates to pepsin when HCL reacts with it
47
How are ulcers formed?
Caused by bacterium: heliocobacter pylori
48
What is the small intestine?
Longest compartment of the alimentary canal Most enzymatic hydrolysis happens here
49
What is the duodenum?
The first part of the small intestine Chyme from the stomach mixes with digestive juices, from the pancreas, liver, gallbladder, and the small intestine itself
50
What does the pancreas do?
Produce trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen This solution is alkaline and neutralizes the acidic chyme release bicarbonate and digestive enzymes into small intestine
51
Where is bile made? What are its functions?
Made in liver and stored in gallbladder. Bile salts facilitate digestion of fats Destroys nonfunctional red blood cells
52
Why does the small intestine have a huge surface area?
Due to villi and microvilli Microvilli create brush border that increases rate of nutrient absorption
53
Is transport across the epithelial cell passive or active?
It can be both depending on the nutrient
54
What does the hepatic portal vein do?
Carries nutrient rich blood from capillaries of the villi to the liver, then to the heart
55
What is the purpose of the liver? (2)
It regulates nutrient distribution detoxifies many organic molecules
56
What do epithelial cells in the small intestine do?
Absorb fatty acids and monoglycerides and turn them into triglycerides
57
What are chylomicrons?
Fats covered in phospholipids, chloesterol, and proteins
58
What are lacteal?
Lymphatic vessel in each villus Deliver chylomicron-containing lymph to large veins that return blood to heart
59
What is the cecum?
Aids in the fermentation of plant of plant materials and is located where the small and large intestines meet
60
What is the colon?
Leads to rectum and anus
61
What is the appendix?
Extension to the cecum that plays minor role in immunity
62
What completes the recovery of water?
Colon
63
What are feces
The wastes of the digestive system and stored in the rectum and is eliminated through the anus
64
Stomach adaptations for carnivores
Large, expandable stomachs
65
Herbivores and omnivores stomach adaptations
Longer alimentary canals due to longer digestion time
66
What do intestinal bacteria do?
1) Produce vitamins 2) Regulate the development of the intestinal epithelium 3) Regulate the function of the innate immune system
67
What are fermentation chambers?
Where mutualistic microorganism digest cellulose
68
Most elaborate adaptations of an herbivorous diet?
Ruminants
69
What helps regulate the digestive process?
The enteric division of the nervous system
70
What also regulates digestion through the release and transport of hormones
Endocrine system
71
Slide 68
72
Where is energy stored in humans?
It is stored in the liver and muscle cells in the poylmer glycogen
73
Where is excess energy stored?
In fat in adipose cells
74
What happens when fewer calories are taken in then expended?
The human expends liver glycogen, then muscle, then fat
75
What is central to maintaining metabolic balance?
Synthesis and breakdown of glycogen
76
The liver is the site for?
Glucose homeostasis
77
What raises insulin levels?
A Carb rich meal which triggers synthesis of glycogen
78
What does low blood sugar cause?
Causes glucagon to stimulate the breakdown of glycogen and release glucose
79
How is brain cells an exception when in comes to insulin?
They can take up glucose whether insulin is present or not
80
Where are glucagon and insulin produced
Islets of the pancreas, by alpha and beta cells
81
Alpha cells produce?
glucagon
82
Beta cells produce?
insulin
83
What is diabetes mellitus?
1) Deficiency of insulin or decreased response to insulin in target tissues 2) Cells are unable to take up enough glucose to meet metabolic needs 3) The levels of glucose may exceed capacity of kidneys
84
How to test for diabetes?
Sugar in urine
85
What is type 1 diabetes?
Autoimmune disease which the immune system destroys the beta cells of pancreas Appears in child hood Requires insulin injections
86
What is type 2 diabetes?
Non insulin dependent diabetes, caused by failure of target cells to respond normally to insulin Excess body weight and lack of exercise increase the chances Happens usually after age of 40
87
What regulates long term and short term appetite
Hormones by affecting a satiety center in brain
88
What is ghrelin
Hormone secreted by stomach wall, triggers feeling of hunger
89
What hormones secreted by small intestine suppress appetite?
Insulin and PYY
90
What is Leptin
Produced by adipose and suppresses appetite and regulates body fat

Biology 102 (38 decks)

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