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Biology 102 > Ch 42 > Flashcards

Ch 42 Flashcards

(133 cards)

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1
Q

Diffusion Traits (2)

A

1) Efficient over small distances
2) Time to diffuse proportional to the square of distance

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2
Q

How do most animals exchange materials with the environment?

A

Via a fluid-filled circulatory system

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3
Q

Some cnidarians have elaborate gastrovascular cavities that function in both

A

Digestion and Distribution

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4
Q

How thick is the body wall that encloses the gastrovascular cavity?

A

Two cells thick

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5
Q

What does a circulatory system have (3)

A

1) Circulatory fluid
2) Set of interconnecting vessels
3) Muscular pump, the heart

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6
Q

What does the circulatory system do?

A

Connects fluid that surround cells with organs that exchange gas, absorb nutrients, and dispose of wastes

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7
Q

How does an open organ circulatory system work?

A

Circulatory fluid called HEMOLYMPH bathes organs directly

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8
Q

What is a closed circulatory system?

A

Blood is confined to vessels and is distinct from the interstitial fluid
(annelids, cephalopods, and vertebrates)

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9
Q

What closed circulatory system do humans have?

A

Cardiovascular system

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10
Q

Three main types of blood vessels (3)

A

1) Arteries
2) Capillaries
3) Veins
(Blood flows from 1-3 and is one way)

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11
Q

Organization of circulatory systems

A

Arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, vein

(ateries, arterioles, capillaries - away from heart; venules, veins - to

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12
Q

What are capillary beds?

A

Sites of chemical exchange between blood and interstitial fluid

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13
Q

How are arteries and veins distinguished?

A

Direction of blood flow, not O2 content

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14
Q

How many chambers do vertebrate hearts have?

A

two or more

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15
Q

Where does blood enter and then leave in a heart?

A

Blood enters through an Atria and pumped out through Ventricles

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16
Q

What type of circulation do bony fishes, rays, and sharks have?

A

Single circulation and two-chambered heart

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17
Q

What is single circulation?

A

Blood leaves the heart passes through two capillary beds before returning

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18
Q

What is double Circulation?
(Mammals, reptiles, and Amphibians)

A

Oxygen poor and oxygen rich blood are pumped separately from the right and left sides of the heart

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19
Q

Reptiles and Mammals use what type of circuit?

A

Pulmonary circuit which picks up oxygen from the lungs

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20
Q

Amphibians use what type of circuit?

A

Pulmocutaneous circuit to pick up oxygen from lungs and skin

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21
Q

What is systemic circuit?

A

When Oxygen rich blood delivers oxygen

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22
Q

Difference between double circulation and single circulation?

A

Higher blood pressure in organs for double circulation

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23
Q

What kind of heart do frogs have?

A

Three chambered with ridge:
Two atria and one ventricle

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24
Q

Describe the Amphibian heart system?

A

Ridge in ventricle diverts oxygen rich blood to SYSTEMIC circuit and poor oxygen blood into PULMOCUTANEOUS circuit

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25
What kind of heart do turtles, snakes, and lizards have?
3 chambered heart: 2 atria 1 ventricle Partially divided by incomplete septum
26
What kind of hearts do Alligators, Caimans, and crocodiles have?
Have a septum that divides the ventricles, but pulmonary and systemic circuits connect where arteries exit the heart
27
What kind of hearts do mammals and birds have?
Four chambered heart Two atria and two ventricles
28
Describe the heart of mammals and birds?
Left side of heart pumps and receive ONLY oxygen rich blood Right side receives and pumps ONLY oxygen poor blood
29
Traits of atria
Relatively thin walls and serve as collection chambers for blood returning to the heart
30
Traits of ventricles
Have thicker walls and contract more forcefully
31
What is cardiac cycle?
The heart contracts and relaxes in a rhythmic cycle
32
Contraction or pumping
Systole
33
Relaxation or filling
Diastole
34
What is cardiac output?
Volume of blood pumped into the systemic circulation per minute Depends on both heart rate and stroke volume
35
What is heart rate?
beats per minute
36
What is stroke volume?
Amount of blood pumped in single contraction
37
What valve separates each atrium and ventricle
Atrioventricular Valves tricuspid and bicuspid (mitral) valve
38
What valves control blood flow to the aorta and pulmonary artery?
Semilunar valves Aortic semilunar valve and Pulmonary semilunar valve
39
What creates the lub-dup sound of a heart?
Recoil of blood against the atrioventricular valves (lub) then against the semilunar (dup) valves
40
What is heart murmur
Backflow of blood through a defective valve causes heart murmur
41
How is cardiac muscle autorhythmic?
Some cardiac muscle contract without any signal from the nervous system
42
What is the Sinoatrial node?
Sets the rate and timing at which cardiac muscle cells contract
43
What are impulses that travel during the cardiac cycle can be recorded as an
Electrocradiogram
44
What is the pacemaker regulated by?
Sympathetic (speed up) Parasympathetic (slow down) Hormones temperature
45
What is endothelium?
Central lumen lined with epithelial layer Lines blood vessels
46
Characteristics of capillaries
Slightly wider than a red blood cell Thin walls for exchanging materials
47
What are the walls of capillaries made of?
Endothelium Basal lamina
48
Characteristics of Arteries
Thick elastic walls for high blood pressure
49
Characteristics of Veins
Thinner walls Contains valves to maintain unidirectional flow
50
Describe the velocity of blood flow in capillaries
Slow because of high resistance and large cross-sectional area Allows exchange of material
51
Explain blood flow regarding pressure
Flows from high pressure to low pressure Maintained by recoil of elastic arterial walls
52
What is systolic pressure?
Pressure in arteries during ventricular systole
53
What is diastolic pressure?
Pressure in arteries during diastole
54
What is pulse
Rhythmic bulging of artery walls
55
What is vasoconstriction
Contraction of smooth muscles in arteriole walls Increased blood pressure
56
What is vasodilation
Relaxation of smooth muscles in arteriole walls Decreased blood pressure
57
What is a major inducer of vasodilation?
Nitric Oxide
58
What induces vasoconstriction?
Endothelin
59
What natural force plays a role in blood pressure?
Gravity
60
What is healthy blood pressure for 20 year old?
120 mm hg at systole 80 mm hg at diastole
61
What causes fainting?
Inadequate blood flow
62
How is the return of blood enhanced
Contraction of smooth and skeletal muscles
63
Traits of capillaries in major organs?
Filled to capacity (blood supply varies at other sites)
64
Two mechanism that regulate distribution of blood in capillary beds?
1) Constriction or dilation of arterioles that supply capillary beds 2) Precapillary sphincters that control flow of blood between arterioles and venules
65
What is blood flow regulated by
Nerve impluses, hormones, and chemicals
66
______ tends to drive fluid out of capillaries
Blood pressure
67
_____ tend to pull fluid back
Blood proteins (responsible for much of the bloods osmotic pressure)
68
What is the lymphatic system role in blood
Returns excess fluid that leaks from capillary beds back to circulatory system
69
What is a lymph
Fluid lost by capillaries
70
Where does lymphatic system drain into
veins in the neck
71
What is Edema
Swelling caused by disruption in the flow of lymph
72
What are lymph Nodes
Organs that filter lymph and play a role in body's defense (will become swollen when fighting infection)
73
What is plasma
Liquid matrix where connective tissues are suspended in
74
What occupies 45% of the volume of blood
Cells and cell fragments
75
What is plasma made of
inorganic salts dissolved as ions (electrolytes)
76
What do plasma proteins do? (5)
1) Influence blood pH 2) maintain osmotic balance between blood and interstitial fluid 3) lipid transport 4) immunity 5) blood clotting
77
Difference between plasma and interstitial fluid
Plasma has higher protein concentration
78
Red blood cells
Erythrocytes (O2 carriers)
79
White blood cells
Leukocytes (defense)
80
What are Platelets?
Fragments of cells that help with clotting
81
Eryth
red
82
Leuk
white
83
Erythrocytes (2)
1) Most numerous blood cell 2) Lack nuclei and mitochondria
84
What do erythrocytes contain that helps with oxygen?
hemoglobin: iron-containing protein - binds 4 O2
85
Sickle cell disease
Caused by abnormal hemoglobin proteins that form aggregates Deforms erythrocyte into sickle shape that rupture or block blood vessels
86
Leukocytes (3)
1) 5 major type 2) Play defense by phagocytizing bacteria and by mounting immune responses 3) Found in both in and out of circulatory system
87
Common feature of different type of blood cells
Develop from a common source of stem cells in red marrow of bones (ribs, vertebrae, sternum, pelvis)
88
What stimulates erythrocyte production
Erythropoietin (EPO)
89
Coagulation
Formation of solid clot from liquid blood activates fibrinogen to fibrin to form clot
90
Thrombus
Blood clot formed within a blood vessel, blocks blood flow
91
Atherosclerosis
Build up of fatty deposits within arteries Cholesterol is key player
92
Low-density lipoprotein
Bad Delivers cholesterol to cells for membrane production
93
High-density lipoprotein
Good Scavenges excess cholesterol for return to the liver
94
What increases risk for heart diseases
high LDL to HDL ratio
95
What plays a role in cardiovascular disease?
inflammation
96
Myocardial infarction
The damage or death of cardiac muscle tissue resulting from blockage of coronary arteries (heart attack)
97
Stroke
Death of nervous tissue in the brain resulting from rupture or blockage of arteries in the head
98
Angina Pectoris
Chest pain caused by partial blockage of the coronary arteries
99
Gas exchange
Uptake of O2 from the environment Discharge of CO2 to the environment Driven by Partial Pressure
100
Partial Pressure
Pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture of gases
101
Gas exchange occurs
Due to diffusion
102
Ventilation
Moves the respiratory medium over the respiratory surface (gills- fish move to put water over their gills)
103
Countercurrent Exchange
Blood flows in the opposite direction to water passing over gills
104
Does blood have less O2 saturation than the water it meets
yes
105
Tracheal system
Network of branching tubes throughout the body
106
Tracheal tubes
supply O2 directly to body cells
107
Lungs
Infolding of the body surface Circulatory system transports gases from lungs to body
108
What happens to air through the nostrils
Filtered, warmed, humidified and sampled for odor
109
Pharynx role in respiratory
Directs air to the lungs and food to stomach
110
Pathway of air passing through our body
Pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles to alveoli
111
What lines epithelium of air ducts
Cilia and mucus
112
What is the "mucus escalator"
Cleans respiratory system and allows particles to be swallowed into the esophagus
113
Where does gas exchange happen in mammals?
Alveoli, air sacs at tips of bronchioles
114
Where does oxygen diffusion through
Moist film of the epithelium into capilllaries
115
Where does CO2 diffuse from
From Capillaries across the epithelium and into air space
116
Surfactants
Coat the surface of alveoli
117
Traits of alveoli
Lack cilia and are susceptible to contamination
118
Respiratory distress syndrome
Preterm babies lacking surfactant
119
Amphibians breathe by
Postive pressure breathing
120
How do birds breathe
Air sacs that function as belows Air passes through the lungs in one direction only Passage of air through lungs require two cycles of inhalation and exhalation
121
How do mammals breathes
Negative pressure breathing Lung volume increase as rib muscles and diaphragm contract
122
Tidal Volume
The volume of air inhaled
123
Vital Capacity
maximum tidal volume
124
Residual volume
air that remains in the lungs
125
Breathing controls are found where
Medulla oblongata Regulates the rate and depth of breathing responding to ph changes in cerebrospinal fluid
126
What monitor O2 and CO2 levels
Sensor in aorta and carotid arteries
127
Additional modulation of breathing location
pons
128
Respiratory pigments
Proteins that transport oxygen, increase amount of oxygen blood can carry
129
Hemocyanin
Copper as the oxygen-binding component (arthropods and mollusks)
130
Most vertebrates use what type of protein in their blood?
Hemoglobin
131
Bohr Shift
Lowers blood pH and decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for O2
132
Carbon Dioxide Transport
1) 7% of blood diffuses to hemoglobin 2) remainder diffused into erythrocytes 3) dissociates into H+ and bicarbonate ions
133
What do diving mammals do to conserve oxygen? (5)
1) Stockpile O2 2) Store oxygen in myoglobin proteins 3) Change their buoyancy to glide passively 4) Route blood to vital tissues 5) Derive ATP in muscles from fementation once oxygen is depleted

Biology 102 (38 decks)

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