Ch 52 Flashcards by bio 2

The study of interactions between organisms and the living and nonliving components of their environment

Ecology

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Organization of ecology

Organisms
Populations
Communities
Ecosystems
Biomes
Biosphere

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Studies how an organisms physiology and behavior meet environmental challenges

Organismal ecology

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Organismal ecology includes _____ and ____ ecology

physiological and behavioral

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Group of individuals of the same species living in an area

Population

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What focuses on factors affecting population size over time?

Population ecology

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Group of populations of different species in an area

community

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Examines the effect of interspecific interactions on community structure and organization

Community ecology

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The entire community of organisms in an area and the physical factors with which they interact

Ecosystem

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Emphasizes energy flow and chemical cycling between organisms and the environment

Ecosystem ecology

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Mosaic of connected ecosystems

Landscapes

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Focuses on the exchanges of energy, materials, and organisms across multiple ecosystems

landscape ecology

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The global ecosystem the sum of all the planets ecosystems and landscapes

biosphere

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Examines the influence of energy and materials on organisms across the biosphere

Global ecology

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Long term prevailing weather conditions in an area

Climate

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What applies under climate? (4)

Temperature
Precipitation
Sunlight
Wind

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What are global climate patterns determined by? (2)

1) Solar energy
2) Earths movement in space

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What are the warming effects of the sun? (3)

1) Establishes temperature variations
2) Circulation of air and water
3) Evaporation

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What does the warming effect of the sun cause?

Latitudinal variation

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What causes latitudinal variation in sunlight intensity

Angle which sunlight hits earth
Effects heat and light per unit of surface area

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Where is the sunlight the strongest in?

Tropics (between 23.5 north latitude and 23.5 south latitude)

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_______ and _______ patterns play major roles in determining climate patterns

Global air circulation and precipitation patterns

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What type of airflow from the tropics toward the poles

Warm wet air

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What does rising air mass cause

Lots of rain
esp in tropics

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What type of air creates arid climates

Dry, descending air Near 30 north and south

What does air flowing close to earth's surface create?

Predictable global pattern

What modifies climates seasonally

Large bodies of water and mountain ranges

What is seasonality at high latitudes caused by

1) Tilt of Earth's axis of rotation 2) its passage around the sun

Seasonal variations in what increases steadily toward the poles? (3)

1) Day length 2) solar radiation 3) temperature

What regions have wet and dry seasons

20 N and 20 S Cuz of changing angle of the sun

What alter ocean currents

Seasonal changes in wind patterns Causes upwelling of cold, nutrient-rich water from deep ocean layers

What does influx of nutrients to surface waters stimulates

Population of plankton and organisms

What do ocean currents cause (4)

1) Influence nearby terrestrial environments 2) Currents toward equator = cold water from poles 3) Currents away from equator = warm water to poles 4) Air is cooled/warmed by these currents

During the day, air _______ over warm land and draws a _______ from the cooler water

rises; breeze

During the night what happens to the air over a body of water

The air rises over the now warmer waters and draws cooler air from land back to water

How do mountains affect climate over land and surrounding areas?

Warm air cools as it rises up mountain and releases moisture on the windward side Cold dry air absorbs moisture from land as it descends creating a rain shadow on the leeward side

What else do mountains affect

The amount of sunlight reaching an area

In northern hemisphere, which face slopes receive more sunlight

The south

How much does the temp drop every 1000 m increase in elevation

6 c

Referes to very fine, localized patterns in climate

Microclimate

Include nonliving attributes

Abiotic factors

Include living attributes

Biotic factors

Directional change to global climate lasting three decades or more

Climate change

What caused higher greenhouse concentration

GAS AND DEFORESTATION

_______ are major life zones characterized by vegetation types or physical environment

Biomes

Terrestrial biomes usually ___ into each other

Grade without sharp boundaries

The area of intergradation is called

Ecotone

Layering

Important feature Provides diverse habitats for animals

An event such as a storm, fire, or human activity that changes a community

Disturbance

How can terrestrial biomes be characterized? (5)

1) Distribution 2) Precipitation 3) Temperature 4) Plants 5) animals

Tropical forest characteristics? where and what kind?

1) Distribution in equatorial and subequatorial regions 2) Tropical rainforest = constant rain Tropical dry forest = Highly seasonal rain High temp 25-29 c all year long

Desert

1) Occur in bands near 30 north and south of equator and the interior of continents 2) May be hot or cold

Desert plant adaptation (3)

1) Include heat and desiccation tolerance 2) water storage 3) reduced leaf surface area

How do Desert animals conserve water?

Nocturnal usually and have many adaptations

Savanna (5)

1) Huge ecotone 2) Grassland dotted with trees 3) Less precipitation than in a forest and more than on a grassland 4) Mainly grasses and forbs 5) Large herbivores and insects

What is a forb?

a herbaceous flowering plant other than a grass

Chaparral (4)

1) Precipitation is highly seasonal with rainy winter and dry summers 2) Summer is hot fall, winter, and spring are cool 3) Dominated by shrubs, small trees, grasses, and herbs 4) Animals include amphibians, birds, other reptiles, mammals

Temperate Grassland (4)

1) Are found on many continents 2) Precipitation is highly seasonal 3) Winters are cold and dry; summers are hot 4) Mainly grasses and forbs 5) Bison!

Northern Coniferous Forest (3)

1) Taiga 2) spans northern North America and Eurasia and is the largest terrestrial biome on Earth 3) Conifers

Temperate Broadleaf Forest (2)

1) Have vertical layers, including a closed canopy, understory trees, shrub layer, and an herb layer 2) The dominant plants are deciduous trees in the northern hemisphere and evergreen eucalyptus in Australia

Tundra

1) Covers expansive areas of the artic 2) Winters are cold and summers are cool 3) Vegetation is herbaceous 4) Permafrost; a permanently frozen layer of soil, restricts the growth of plant roots

Largest biome

Oceans

Zonations in aquatic biomes

1) Upper photic zone: has sufficient light for photosynthesis 2) Lower aphotic zone: Both of zones make up pelagic zone

The photic zone and aphotic zone make up the _______?

pelagic zone

Located in aphotic zone with a depth of 2000 to 6000m

Abyssal zone

What zone contains the organic and inorganic sediment at the bottom of all aquatic zones

Benthic zone

Communities of organisms in the benthic zone are called?

Benthos

Dead organic matter that falls from the productive surface water and is an important source of food

detritus

Temperature boundary that separates the warm upper layer from the cold deeper water

Thermocline

Semiannual mixing of their waters called

turnover

What does turnover do?

Mixes oxygenated water fromm the surface with nutrient-rich water from bottom

Ch 52 Flashcards

(71 cards)