Ch 51

Question 1

an action carried out by muscles under control of the nervous system

Answer 1

behavior

Question 2

The claw-waving behavior has two functions:

Answer 2

1) It helps to repel other males
2) attract females

Question 3

Behaviors and the anatomical structures related to their _______ are subject to _______

Answer 3

performance; natural selection

Question 4

Niko Tinbergen’s 3 questions about animal behavior

Answer 4

1) What stimulus elicits the behavior, and what physiological mechanisms mediate the response?
2) How does the animal’s experience during growth and development influence the response?
3) How does the behavior aid survival and reproduction?

Question 5

_______ is the study of the ecological basis for animal behavior

Answer 5

Behavioral ecology

Question 6

_______ causation addresses how a behavior occurs or is modified, including Tinbergen’s questions 1 and 2

Answer 6

Proximate

Question 7

_______ causation addresses why a behavior occurs in the context of natural selection, and ecology

Answer 7

Ultimate

Question 8

Proximate causation addresses _______ a behavior _______ or is _______, including Tinbergen’s questions 1 and 2

Answer 8

how; occurs; modified

Question 9

Ultimate causation addresses _______ a behavior ________ in the context of natural selection, and ecology.

Answer 9

why; occurs

Question 10

A _______ is a sequence of unlearned acts directly linked to a simple stimulus

Answer 10

fixed action pattern

Question 11

Fixed action patterns are _______ and, once initiated, usually carried to completion

Answer 11

unchangeable

Question 12

A fixed action pattern is triggered by an external cue known as a _______

Answer 12

sign stimulus

Question 13

_______ is a regular, long-distance change in location

Answer 13

migration

Question 14

Animals can orient themselves using their position relative to
1) The _______, using their circadian clock to adjust for changes in its position
2) The _______
3) Earth’s _______

Answer 14

sun; North Star; magnetic field

Question 15

Some animal behavior is affected by the animal’s _______

Answer 15

circadian rhythm

Question 16

Behaviors such as _______ and _______ are linked to changing seasons, or a circannual rhythm

Answer 16

migration and reproduction

Question 17

Some behaviors are linked to _______, which affect tidal movements

Answer 17

lunar cycles

Question 18

In behavioral ecology, a _______ is a stimulus transmitted from one organism to another

Answer 18

Signal

Question 19

_______ is the transmission and reception of signals between animals

Answer 19

Communication

Question 20

Animals communicate using what 4 signals

Answer 20

1) visual
2) chemical
3) tactile
4) auditory

Question 21

What is the honeybee’s symbolic language?

Answer 21

waggle dance

Question 22

• The _______ of the straight run of the dance relative to the vertical surface of the hive indicates the direction of the food source
• Distance to the food source is indicated by the _______ of the straight run and the number of abdominal waggles
• If food is less than 50 m away, the bee simply moves in _______ while moving its abdomen side to side

Answer 22

angle; length; tight circles

Question 23

Animals that communicate through odors or tastes emit chemical substances called _______

Answer 23

pheromones

Question 24

________ is developmentally fixed and does not vary among individuals

Answer 24

Innate behavior

Question 25

A _______ study places the young from one species in the care of adults from another species in a similar environment

Answer 25

cross-fostering

Question 25

Cross-fostering studies help behavioral ecologists to identify the contribution of _______ to an animal’s behavior

Answer 25

environment

Question 26

In humans, _______ allow researchers to compare the relative influences of genetics and environment on behavior

Answer 26

twin studies

Question 27

_______ is the modification of behavior based on specific experiences

Answer 27

Learning

Question 28

_______ is the establishment of a long-lasting behavioral response to a particular individual or object

Answer 28

Imprinting

Question 29

Imprinting can only take place during a specific time in development called the _______

Answer 29

sensitive period

Question 30

_______ is the establishment of a memory that reflects the environment’s spatial structure

Answer 30

Spatial learning

Question 31

A _______ is an internal representation of spatial relationships between objects in an animal’s surroundings

Answer 31

cognitive map

Question 32

In _______, animals associate one feature of their environment with another

Answer 32

associative learning

Question 33

_______ is a type of associative learning in which an arbitrary stimulus is associated with a reward or punishment

Answer 33

Classical conditioning

Question 34

_______ is a type of associative learning in which an animal learns to associate one of its behaviors with a reward or punishment

Answer 34

Operant conditioning

Question 35

Classical conditioning is a type of associative learning in which an arbitrary _______ is associated with a reward or punishment

Answer 35

stimulus

Question 36

Operant conditioning is a type of associative learning in which an animal learns to associate one of its _______ with a reward or punishment

Answer 36

behaviors

Question 37

_______ is a process of knowing that involves awareness, reasoning, recollection, and judgment

Answer 37

Cognition

Question 38

Cognition is a process of knowing that involves _______, _______, _______, and _______

Answer 38

awareness; reasoning; recollection; judgement

Question 39

_______ is a cognitive activity of devising a strategy to overcome an obstacle

Answer 39

Problem solving

Question 40

______ is learning through the observation of others

Answer 40

Social learning

Question 41

_______ is a system of information transfer through observation or teaching that influences behavior of individuals in a population

Answer 41

Culture

Question 42

_______, or food-obtaining behavior, includes recognizing, searching for, capturing, and eating food items

Answer 42

foraging

Question 43

The _______ views foraging behavior as a compromise between benefits of nutrition and costs of obtaining food

Answer 43

Optimal foraging model (ex. crab mussel chart)

Question 44

Risk of _______ affects foraging behavior

Answer 44

predation

Question 45

Mating _______ and _______ play a major role in determining reproductive success

Answer 45

behavior; choice

Question 46

In _______ relationships, an individual of one sex mates with several individuals of the other sex

Answer 46

polygamous

Question 46

species form _______ relationships where one male mates with one female

Answer 46

monogamous

Question 47

Species with polygamous mating systems are usually sexually _______: Males and females have different external morphologies

Answer 47

dimorphic

Question 48

In _______, one male mates with many females

Answer 48

polygyny

Question 49

In _______, one female mates with many males

Answer 49

polyandry

Question 50

Consider bird species whose chicks need a continuous supply of food - A male maximizes his reproductive success by (_______)

Answer 50

monogamy

Question 51

Consider bird species whose chicks are soon able to feed and care for themselves - A male maximizes his reproductive success by (_______)

Answer 51

polygyny

Question 52

In _______ selection, members of one sex choose mates on the basis of certain traits

Answer 52

intersexual

Question 53

In _______ selection involves competition between members of the same sex for mates

Answer 53

Intrasexual

Question 54

Mate choice can also be influenced by _______

Answer 54

imprinting

Question 55

_______ is a behavior in which individuals copy the mate choice of others

Answer 55

Mate-choice copying

Question 56

_______ evaluates alternative strategies in situations where the outcome depends on the strategies of all individuals involved

Answer 56

Game theory

Question 57

3 types of lizards

Answer 57

1) orange: aggressive, defend large territories 2) blue: defend, defend small territories 3) yellow: sneaky

Question 58

Variation in the _______ or _______ of a gene product can have a large effect on behavior

Answer 58

activity or amount

Question 59

In _______, some animals behave in ways that reduce their individual fitness but increase the fitness of others

Answer 59

altruism

Question 60

_______ is the total effect an individual has on proliferating its genes by producing offspring and helping close relatives produce offspring

Answer 60

Inclusive fitness

Question 61

In _______, altruistic behavior toward unrelated individuals can be adaptive if the aided individual returns the favor in the future

Answer 61

reciprocal altruism