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Biology 102 > Ch 40 > Flashcards

Ch 40 Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

Form

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2
Q

Physiology

A

Biological functions

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3
Q

What do physical laws govern?

A

Diffusion, strength, movement, and heat exchange

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4
Q

What do the properties of water limit?

A

Possible Shapes for fast swimming animals

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5
Q

As animal increase in size what also needs to increase?

A

Thicker skeleton (bone density)

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6
Q

What must be exchanged across cell membranes of an animal cell?

A

Nutrients, waste, and gases

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7
Q

What is rate of exchange proportional to?

A

Cell’s surface area

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8
Q

What is amount of exchange materials proportional to?

A

Cell’s volume

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9
Q

Does a single celled organism living in water have sufficient surface area to carry out all exchanges?

A

Yes

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10
Q

How thick are body walls in multicellular organisms with sack like body?

A

2 cells thick, that facilitate diffusion of materials

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11
Q

How do flat animals interact with their environment?

A

Most of their cells make direct contact

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12
Q

What are complex organism composed of?

A

Compact masses of cells with complex internal organization

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13
Q

What are interstitial fluid?

A

The space between cells which link exchange surfaces to body cells

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14
Q

What does a complex body plan help with?

A

Maintain stable internal enviornment

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15
Q

What are the four type of animal tissue

A

Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

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16
Q

What is epithelial tissue? (3)

A

1) Covers outside the body
2) Lines organs and cavities within body
3) Contains cells that are closely joined

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17
Q

What are the 5 types of epithelial tissue?

A

1) stratified squamous: skin or esophagus
2) pseudostratified ciliated columnar: respiratory tract
3) simple squamous: lungs
4) simple columnar: intestine
5) cuboidal: kidney

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18
Q

What is connective tissue?

A

Tissue that binds and supports other tissues

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19
Q

What are the three types of connective tissue fibers?

A

1) Collagenous fibers: Strength and flexibility
2) Reticular Fibers: Join connective tissue to adjacent tissues
3) Elastic Fibers: Stretch and snap back to their original length

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20
Q

What cells does connective tissue contain? (2)

A

1) Fibroblasts: secrete protein of extracellular fibers
2) Macrophages: involved in immune system

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21
Q

Fibro

A

Fiber

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22
Q

Macro

A

Large

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23
Q

What are the 6 major connective tissue?

A

1) Loose Connective tissue: binds epithelia to underlying tissues and holds organs in place
2) Fibrous connective tissue: Found in TENDON and LIGAMENTS
3) Bone: mineralized and form skeleton
4) Adipose tissue: stores fat for insulation and fuel
5) Blood: composed of blood cells and cell fragments in blood plasma
6) Cartilage: Strong and flexible support materials

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24
Q

What is muscle tissue? (2)

A

1) Responsible for body movement
2) Consist of filaments of proteins: actin and myosin, which cause contraction
ex)Myoblast and Myocyte

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25
What are the 3 types of muscle?
Skeletal Muscle: Striated, voluntary, multinucleated Cardiac Muscle: Involuntary, Branched, intercalated discs Smooth: Involuntary
26
What are the functions of nervous tissue and what does it contain?
Functions in receipt, processing, and transmission of information Contains: Neurons: Transmit nerve impulses Glial Cells: Which support cells
27
What systems effect control and coordination?
Endocrine system and nervous system
28
What is the endocrine system
Releases signaling molecules called hormones into blood stream
29
explain hormone affects compared to signals by the nervous system? (2)
1) Affect one or more regions 2) Slow acting and have long lasting effects
30
What does the nervous system do?
Transmits info between specific locations Very fast
31
What does information conveyed depend on?
Signal pathway not type of signal
32
What are regulators
animals that use internal control mechanisms to maintain homeostasis
33
What are conformers?
Animals that allow its internal condition to vary with certain external change
34
Are animals regulators or conformers?
Both
35
Humans regulate homeostasis of? (3)
Body temperature, Blood pH, and glucose levels
36
explain a setpoint, stimulus, sensor, and response?
Fluctuations above or below the Set points serves as a stimulus, which are detected by a sensor This generates an output that triggers a response
37
What does homeostasis rely on?
Negative feedback
38
What does positive feedback do?
Amplify a stimulus and doesn't contribute to homeostasis
39
What do set points and normal ranges changes change with
age or cyclic variation
40
What does circadian rhythm do?
Governs physiological changes that occur every 24 hours
41
Acclimatization
Temporary change during an animal's lifetime
42
Thermoregulation
Process which animals maintain internal temp within a normal range
43
Endothermic
Generate heat by metabolism Birds and mammals
44
Ectothermic
Gain heat from external sources Invertebrates, reptiles, fish
45
Downside of endothermy
More energetically expensive
46
Upside of ectotherms
tolerate greater variation in internal temp
47
What is a Poikilotherm?
An animal whose body temp varies with environment
48
Poikilo
Variable
49
Homeotherm
Relatively constant body temp
50
How do organisms exchange heat (4)
1) Radiation 2) Evaporation 3) Convection 4) Conduction
51
Heat regulation in mammals involve?
Integumentary system Skin, hair, nails
52
Five adaptation that help animal thermoregulate
1) Insulation 2) Circulatory adaptations 3) Cooling by evaporative heat loss 4) Behavioral responses 5) Adjusting metabolic heat production (thermogenesis)
53
What is insulation
A major thermoregulatory adaptation Reduce heat flow between animal and environment
54
Circulatory adaptation
1) Blood flow regulation near body surface - Endotherms and some ectotherms can alter blood flow between core and skin
55
Vasodilation
Blood flow in skin increases facilitating heat loss
56
Vasoconstriction
Blow flood in skin decreases, lowering heat loss
57
What blood vessel arrangement do marine animals and birds use?
Countercurrent exchange Transfers heat between fluids flowing in opposite directions and reduce heat loss
58
Evaporative heat loss
1) Sweating or bathing moistens skin to help cooling down 2) Panting increases the cooling effect in birds and many mammals
59
What are some ways animals exhibit behavioral responses for temperature?
1) exhibited by Ectoderms and sometimes endoderms 2) Seek warm places when cold and when hot they bathe or move to a colder area
60
What are examples of metabolic heat production?
1) Thermogenesis 2) nonshivering thermogenesis
61
What is thermogenesis?
The adjustment of metabolic heat production Increased muscle activity by moving or shivering
62
What is nonshivering thermogenesis?
Hormones cause mitochondria to increase their metabolic activity
63
Brown fat
1) Specialized for rapid heat production 2) found in infants of mammals and mammals that hibernate 3) Humans brown fat depends on temperature
64
What are examples of acclimatization in thermoregulation?
1) birds and mammals vary insulation 2) lipid composition of cell mambranes change 3) Ectotherms produce antifreeze
65
What controls thermoregulation?
Controlled by a region of brain called hypothalamus Triggers heat loss or heat generating mechanisms
66
If you have an infection do you want to be warm or cold
warm
67
What is bioenergetics?
overall flow and transformation of energy in animal Determines animals nutritional needs: size, activity, and environment
68
What is biosynthesis
1) body growth and repair 2) synthesis of storage materials such as fat 3) production of gametes
69
Metabolic rate
Sum of all the energy an animal uses in a unit of time
70
What can be used to determine metabolic rate?
1) An animal's heat loss 2) Amount oxygen consumed or carbon dioxide produced 3) Measures energy content of food consumed and energy lost in waste
71
What equals metabolism
Anabolism and catabolism
72
Basal Metabolic rate
metabolic rate of an endotherm at rest at comfy temperature
73
Standard metabolic rate
Metabolic rate of an ectotherm at specific temperature
74
Who has higher metabolic rates?
Endotherms
75
Other factors of metabolic rates (6)
1) Age 2) sex 3) size 4) activity 5) temperature 6) nutrition
76
What is metabolic rate proportional to
body mass to power of 3/4
77
How does the metabolic rate of small animals per gram compare to large animals
It is greater
78
What does higher metabolic rate lead to
Higher oxygen rate, breathing rate, heart rate, greater blood volume
79
What is a torpor?
Physiological state of decreased activity and metabolism
80
What is hibernation?
Long term torpor to skip winter LOL
81
What is summer torpor?
Estivation: to avoid high temperatures and low water
82
Who exhibits daily torpor?
Small mammals and birds that correlate to feeding pattern
83
What is daily torpor?
1) exhibited by small animals and birds 2) adapted to feeding patterns
84
What is osteon
the smallest functional unit of bone

Biology 102 (38 decks)

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