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Biology 102 > Ch 49 > Flashcards

Ch 49 Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of nervous system do Cnidarians have?

A

Nerve net
Simplest
Neurons connect to each other in a network

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2
Q

What leads to the activation of all or most nuerons in nerve net?

A

Activation of neurons in one area

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3
Q

What kind of nervous system do echinoderms have?

A

Nerve Ring
Around the mouth connected to larger radial nerves extending to arms

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4
Q

What operates independently in a starfish

A

Mouth and arms

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5
Q

What kind of nervous systems do Planaria have? (3)

A

1) Nerve cords
2) Connected by transverse nerves
3) Collection of neurons in head form cerebral ganglia

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6
Q

What kind of nervous system do annelids have?

A

Same basic structure as planaria
More neurons
Ventral nerve cords have ganglia in each segment
Rudimentary brain

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7
Q

What kind of nervous system do simple mollusks have?

A

Similar to annelids
Pair of anterior ganglia
Paired nerve cords

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8
Q

What is the trend to cephalization?

A

Increasingly complex brain in the head

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9
Q

What kind of brains do drosophila have?

A

Brains have several subdivision with several functions

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10
Q

What kind of brains do advanced mollusks have?

A

Brains with well developed subdivisions

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11
Q

What type of glia form tracks along which newly formed neurons migrate?

A

Embryonic Radial Glia

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12
Q

Which glia participates in the formation of the blood-brain barrier?

A

Astrocytes

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13
Q

What types of glial cells can act as stem cells? (2)

A

1) Embryonic radial glial
2) Astrocytes

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14
Q

What develops from the hollow dorsal cord?

A

CNS

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15
Q

What does the cavity of the nerve cord give rise to?

A

Narrow central canal of spinal cord and ventricles of the brain

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16
Q

What are the central canal and ventricles filled with?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

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17
Q

What does the cerebrospinal fluid do?

A

Supplies CNS with nutrients and hormones and carries away waste

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18
Q

What is Grey matter made up of? (3)

A

1) Neuron cell bodies
2) Dendrites
3) Unmyelinated axons

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19
Q

What is White matter made up of? (1)

A

1) Consist of bundles of myelinated axons

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20
Q

What does the spinal cord do?

A

1) Conveys info to and from the brain
2) generates basic patterns of locomotion

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21
Q

What produces reflexes independently of the brain

A

Spinal cord

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22
Q

What does PNS do? (2)

A

1) transmit info to and from CNS
2) Regulates movement and the internal environment

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23
Q

What transmits info to the CNS

A

Afferent neurons

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24
Q

What transmit info away from CNS

A

Efferent Neurons

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25
PNS two efferent components
1) Motor system 2) Autonomic system
26
What does the Motor system do?
Carries signals to skeletal muscles (usually voluntary)
27
What does the autonomic nervous system do?
regulates smooth and cardiac muscles (usually involuntary)
28
describe the Enteric nervous system's function
Exerts direct controls over the digestive tract, pancreas, and gallbladder
29
What are the 2 different division of the autonomic nervous system?
1) sympathetic 2) parasympathetic
30
What does the sympathetic division do?
Regulates arousal and energy generation (flight or fight)
31
What does the parasympathetic division do?
Has antagonistic effects on target organs and promotes calming and return to rest and digest functions
32
Three major regions of the brain
1) forebrain 2) midbrain 3) hindbrain
33
Forebrain functions (4)
1) process olfactory input 2) regulate sleep 3) learning 4) complex processing
34
Midbrain function
Coordinates routing of sensory input
35
Hindbrain functions (2)
1) Controls involuntary activities 2) coordinates motor activities
36
What does size difference of brain regions reflect
the importance
37
the brain has how many neurons making how many connections?
100 billion which make 100 trillion connections
38
What give rise to the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain
anterior neural tube
39
What regions of the brain make the brainstem
midbrain and hindbrain
40
What does the brainstem join to
spinal cord and the base of brain
41
What region of the brain gives rise to the cerebellum?
hindbrain
42
What does the forebrain divide into
Diencephelon Telencephalon
43
What does the Diencephelon region form
Forms endocrine tissues in the brain (thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus)
44
What does the Telencephalon form
the cerebrum
45
What does the Cerebrum control? (5)
1) Skeletal muscle contractions 2) Center for learning 3) emotion 4) memory 5) perception SCEMP
46
The Cerebral cortex is vital for? (3)
1) Perception 2) voluntary movement 3) learning
47
What is the corpus callosum?
Thick band of axons enables the right and left cerebral cortices to communicate
48
What does the cerebellum coordinate
Movement and Balance helps in learning and remembering motor skills
49
The diencephalon gives rise to
1) thalamus 2) hypothalamus 3) epithalamus
50
What is the function of the Hypothalamus? (2)
control center for: 1) body thermostat 2) biological clock
51
What does the brainstem consist of? (3)
1) Midbrain 2) Pons 3) Medulla Oblongata
52
What does the midbrain do?
Receives and integrates sensory and sends it specific regions of the brains
53
Major function of pons and medulla
Transfer information between PNS and midbrain and forebrain
54
Medulla functions (5)
1) Breathing 2) Heart and blood vessel activity 3) Swallowing 4) Vomiting 5) Digestion
55
What controls arousal and sleep? (3)
1) Brainstem 2) Cerebrum 3) Reticular formation
56
What is the reticular formation?
network of neurons formed in the midbrain and pons
57
What is Sleep? What do you need it for?
Active state for brain Needed for survival, learning, and memory
58
What does the Reticular formation control regarding sleep?
Control timing of sleep periods: characterized by REM and vivid dreams
59
What controls timing of sleep periods?
Neurons of the reticular formation
60
Sleep intensity and duration is regulated by
Biological clock and regions of forebrain
61
Dolphin sleep
Only brain half sleeps at a time
62
Cycles of sleep and wakefulness are examples of
Circadian Rhythms
63
rhythms that rely on biological clock, a molecular mechanism that directs _______. (2)
1) periodic gene expression 2) cellular activity
64
In mammals circadian rhythm is coordinated by
Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) Acts as a pacemaker
65
Where is the SCN located?
in the hypothalamus
66
What generates emotions in the brain
1) Amygdala 2) Hippocampus 3) Thalamus hAt of emotions
67
What are the structures used for emotion called
Limbic system
68
Most important structure of emotion in the memory
Amygdala Mass of nuclei near base of cerebrum
69
Generating emotion requires interactions with?
Different parts of the brain
70
Enables a display of metabolic activity through injection of radioactive glucose
Positron emission tomography (PET)
71
Brain activity is detected through changes in local concentration
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
72
Cerebrum (cerebral cortex) is essential for? (5)
1) Language 2) Communication 3) Memory 4) Consciousness 5) Awareness of our surrounding
73
Four regions of cerebrum
1) Frontal 2) Temporal 3) Occipital 4) Parietal
74
Where does cerebral cortex receive input from
sensory organs and somatosensory receptors
75
Somatosensory receptors
Provide information about touch, pain, pressure, temperature and position of muscle
76
What directs different types of input to distinct locations
Thalamus
77
What helps plan actions and movement
prefrontal cortex
78
How are neurons arranged in somatosensory cortex and motor cortex?
According to the part of the body that generates input or receives commands
79
Patients with damage in _______ in the frontal lobe can understand language but cannot speak
Broca's area
80
Damage to ________ causes patients to be unable to understand language, though they can still speak
Wernicke's area
81
Left brain contribution
Analysis Logic Idea Facts Math Training
82
Right brain contribution
Creativity Intuition Arts Creation Feeling Imagination
83
The differences in hemisphere function are called
Lateralization
84
How do the two hemispheres work together by communicating through the fibers of?
Corpus Callosum
85
What may frontal lobe damage cause
Impair decision making and emotional responses but leave intellect and memory intact
86
Embryonic development of nervous system (4)
1) regulated gene expression and signal transduction determine where neurons form 2) neurons compete for growth-supporting factors in order to survive 3) Half the synapses that form during embryo development survive into adulthood 4) Final phase, synapse elimination occurs
87
Ability of the nervous system to be modified after birth
Neuronal plasticity
88
What do changes in neuron usage cause?
Strengthening or weakening of signaling at a synapse
89
Developmental disorder involves a disruption in activity remodeling at synapses
Autsim
90
Children affected with autism display (3)
1) Impaired communication 3) Impaired social interaction 2) Repetitive behavior
91
What is essential in the formation of new memories?
neuronal plasticity
92
How is short term memory is accessed
Hippocampus
93
In Long term memory,
the links in the hippocampus are replaced by connections in the cerebral cortex
94
How to get better memory
sleep
95
What contributes to disease of the nervous system
Genetic and environmental factors
96
Disorders of the nervous system (5)
1) Schizophrenia 2) depression 3) drug addiction 4) alzheimer disease 5) Parkinson's disease
97
What are the characteristics of Schizophrenia? (2)
1) Hallucinations 2) delusions
98
What does schizophrenia affect? (2)
1) Affects neuronal pathways that use dopamine as neurotransmitter 2) Alter glutamate signaling
99
What are the 2 forms of depression?
1) major depressive disorder 2) bipolar disorder
100
Major depressive disorder characteristic
lack of interest or pleasure
101
Bipolar disorder characteristic
1) manic phases (high-mood) 2) depressive phases (low-mood)
102
Treatment for depression
Include drugs increase the activity of biogenic amines in the brain
103
The brain rewards _______ with _______
Motivation with pleasure
104
Why are drugs addictive
Increase brain reward system affect the dopamine pathway
105
What is Drug addiction?
Long lasting changes in reward circuitry
106
What is Alzheimer disease?
Mental deterioration characterized by confusion and memory loss
107
What does Alzheimers increase with?
Increases with age
108
What is Alzheiemers associated with?
Associated with formation of neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques in the brain
109
What is Parkinson's disease?
Motor disorder caused by death of dopamine secreting neurons in the mid brain
110
What are the characteristics of Parkinson's disease?
1) Muscle tremors 2) flexed posture 3) shuffling gait
111
Parkinsons disease treatment
L dopa

Biology 102 (38 decks)

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