Ch. 38 Flashcards
(92 cards)
1
Q
What is Mutualistic Association?
A
When plants and other species use various mechanism to benefit each other
2
Q
How do angiosperms attract insects?
A
nectar or pollen (both plant and pollinator benefit)
3
Q
symbiotic
A
living together
4
Q
What are flowers?
A
Reproductive shoots of angiosperm sporophytes
5
Q
what part of the plant do flowers attach to?
A
receptacle
6
Q
What are Stamens and Carpels?
A
Sporophylls (leaves specialized for reproduction)
7
Q
What are Sepals and Petals?
A
Sterile modified leaves
8
Q
What are Carpels?
A
Contains a long STYLE with sticky STIGMA on top that captures pollen
Megasporophyll (female part)
9
Q
What do fertilized Ovules create?
A
Seeds
10
Q
What is at the base of a style?
A
An ovary with one or more ovules
11
Q
What is a Simple Pistil
A
Made up of one Carpel
12
Q
Pistil
A
Single carpel or group of fused carpels
13
Q
What is a compound pistil
A
Made up of more than one Carpel
14
Q
What is a stamen
A
Consist of an anther and filament
Microsporophyll (male)
15
Q
What does anther contain?
A
Pollen sacs (microsporangia) that makes pollen
16
Q
What are Sepals? (2)
A
1) They enclose and protect unopened floral buds
2) Structures that resemble leaves
17
Q
What are Petals?
A
Usually brightly colored to attract pollinators
18
Q
What makes up a complete Flower?
A
a flower that contains all four floral Organs
19
Q
What makes up an incomplete flower?
A
a flower that lacks one or floral organs
20
Q
What do Sterile Flowers lack?
A
Stamens and Carpels
21
Q
What do unisexual flowers lack?
A
Either a Stamen or a Carpel
22
Q
Inflorescences
A
Cluster of flowers!
23
Q
what is pollination
A
the transfer of pollen from anthers to stigma
can occur by wind, water, or animals
24
Q
which type of pollination do most angiosperm rely on?
A
animal pollination
25
Wind pollinated characteristics? (2)
1) Release large amounts of pollen
2) Small flowers without nectar and scent (no attraction)
26
Moths and Butterflies pollination characteristics?
1) Flowers usually have sweet fragrance
2) Butterfly flowers are bright colors
3) Moth flowers are white and yellow
27
Flowers relying on Bat pollination characteristics
Flowers are light colored and aromatic
28
flowers relying on Bee pollination characteristic (2)
1) typically brightly colored
2) sweet fragrance
29
Fly pollination characteristic
1) Flowers smell like rotten meat
30
flowers relying on bird pollination characteristics (3)
1) Flowers are usually large, bright red or yellow
2) Low oder and large quantities of nectar
3) Petals fused into a floral tube
31
what are nectar guides?
ultraviolet markings that direct bees and other insects to nectar-producing glands
32
angiosperm life cycle characterized by 3 F
Flowers, double Fertilization, Fruit
33
The angiosperm life cycle includes
1) gametophyte development
2) sperm delivery by pollen tube
3) double fertilization
4) seed development
34
What is Androecium?
All the stamens of the flower
35
What is Gynoecium
The female part of a flower
consisting of one or more carpels (same as pistil)
36
Ando
Males
37
Gyn
Female
38
What is an embryo sac?
Female gametophyte that develops in the ovule
39
What is micropyle?
A pore between the two integuments that surrounding the megasporangium
40
How many megaspores does one MEGASPOROCYTE produce after meiosis?
4 megaspores only one survive
41
How many haploid nuclei are in one cell after a megaspore divides?
8 nuclei are created without cytokinesis
42
What happens to the cell that gets partitioned?
It turns into a multicellular female gametophyte, the embryo sac
43
cyt
cell
44
kinesis
movement
45
Each microspore undergoes mitosis to produce how many cells?
2 (one generative cell and one tube cell)
46
What does the pollen grain consists of?
Two-celled male gametophyte and the spore wall
47
What produces a pollen tube?
When a pollen grain lands on a receptive stigma and two sperm cells are discharged near the embryo sac
48
When does fertilization occur?
After two sperm reach the female gametophyte
49
What does the two sperm in double fertilization do?
One fertilizes the egg
One combines with two polar nuclei, creating triploid endosperm
50
What does double fertilization do?
Ensures that endosperm only develops in the ovules containing fertilized eggs
51
What happens after double fertilization?
1) Each ovule develops into a seed
2) The ovary develops into a fruit
52
What happens to the ovary after double fertilization?
Develops into a fruit enclosing the seed
53
What happens when a seed germinates
The embryo develops into a sporophyte
54
What does a mature seed consists of
1) Dormant embryo
2) Endosperm (stored food)
3) seed coat
55
characteristics of the first mitotic division of the zygote (2)
1) Asymmetrical
2) Splits fertilized egg into a basal cell and terminal cell
56
carp
fruit
57
What does a basal cell produce
Suspensor, which anchors the embryo to the parent plant and aids in nutrient transfer to the embryo
58
which develops first: endosperm or embryo
endosperm
59
What does seed coat do?
encloses the embryo and its food supply
60
what is the endosperm?
nutrients storage place of the seed
61
5 steps to embryo development
1) first mitotic division of zygote (basal and terminal cell)
2) basal cell produces suspensor
3) terminal cell give rise to embryo
4) cotyledons form
5) embryo elongates
62
Whats below the cotyledons, embryonic axis? Whats above?
below: Hypocotyl and radicle
above: epicotyl
63
What does plumule have?
Comprises of the epicotyl, young leaves, and shoot apical meristem
64
What happens when a seed dehyrdates
It enters a state of dormancy
65
Grasses, such as maize and wheat, have a special cotyledon called a _______
scutellum
66
What does the terminal cell do?
gives rise to most of the embryo
67
What two sheathes enclose the embryo of a grass seed?
1) Coleoptile covering the young shoot
2) Coleorhiza covering the young root
68
Coleo
sheath
69
ptile
feather or wing
70
What are benefits of seed dormancy?
Increases the chance that germination will occur at a time and place most advantageous to the seedling
71
How does a seed exit seed dormancy?
Requires specific environmental cue like temperature and lighting change
72
What happens after seed germination?
Growth of roots, stems, leaves, and flowering
73
What is imbibition?
The uptake of water due to low water potential of the dry seed
Germination depends on imbibition
74
steps to seed germination (eudicots)
1) The radicle emerges
2) shoot tip breaks surface
3) hook forms in hypocotyl
4) growth pushes hook above ground
5) light causes hook to straighten pulling the cotyledon and shoot tip up
75
what does the radicle do?
develops root system that anchors plant and provides water
76
What does the coleoptile do in monocots?
In monocots it pushes up the through the soil creating a tunnel for the shoot tip to grow from
77
What promotes outbreeding?
Flowers are synchronized to appear at a specific time of the year
78
What triggers flowering?
Environmental cues and internal signals
79
What is a fruit?
Mature ovary of a flower
Protects the enclosed seeds and aids in dispersal
80
What is a simple fruit?
Develop from a single or several fused carpels
81
What is an Aggregate fruit?
Results from a single flower with separate Carpels
82
What is Multiple Fruits
Develop from group of flowers (inflorescence)
83
What are accessory fruits?
Contains other floral parts in addition to ovaries
84
What does fruit dispersal ensure?
That seeds germinate away from the competitve influence of the parent plant
85
What is asexual reproduction?
Produces offspring without fusion of egg and sperm
Offspring is a clone
86
What is fragmentation?
Seperation of a parent plant into parts that develop into whole plants
87
What is apomixis?
Asexual production of seeds from a diploid cell
88
What is vegetative reproduction?
Asexual reproduction
When progeny arise from mature vegetative fragments
These progeny are more resilient than seedlings produced by sexual reproduction
89
What is selfing?
1) When flowers self fertilize to ensure that every ovule will develop into a seed
2) Reduces genetic diversity
90
What do Dioecious species do to prevent selfing?
different plants either have
1) Staminate flowers (lacking carpels)
2) Carpellate flower (lacking Stamens)
91
4 ways flowers prevent selfing?
1) Have stamens and carpels mature at different times
2) Spatially arranged to prevent selfing
3) Dioecious species
4) self-incompatability
92
What is self-incompatibility?
1) Plants ability to reject its own pollen
2) Recognizes self pollen based on S-genes
