Ch 6 Flashcards
(26 cards)
Process by which individuals organize and interpret sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment
Perception
The perceptions people form about each other
Person perception
An attempt to determine whether an individuals behavior is internally or externally caused
Attribution theory
What three factors determine the attribution theory?
1) Distinctiveness
2) Consensus
3) Consistency
The tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimates the influence of internal factors when making judgements about the behavior of others
Fundamental attribution error
The tendency for individuals to attribute their own successes to internal factors and put the blame for failures on external factors
Self-serving bias
The tendency to selectively interpret what one sees on the basis of one’s interests, background, experience, and attitudes
Selective perception
The tendency to draw a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristics
Halo effect
Evaluation of a person’s characteristics that is affected by comparisons with other people recently encountered who rank higher or lower on the same characteristics
Contrast effect
A situation in which a person inaccurately perceives a second person, and the resulting expectations cause the second person to behave in ways consistent with the original perception
self-fulfilling prophecy
Characterized by making consistent, value-maximizing choices within constraints
Rational
A decision-making model that describes how individuals should behave in order to maximize some outcome
Rational decision-making model
A process of making decisions by constructing simplified models that extract the essential features from problems without capturing all their complexity
Bounded rationality
An unconscious process created out of distilled experiences
Intuitive decision making
A tendency to fixate on initial information, from which one then fails to adequately adjust for subsequent consequences
Anchoring bias
The tendency to seek out information that reaffirms past choices and to discount information that contradicts past judgements
Confirmation bias
The tendency for people to base their judgements on information that is readily available to them
Availability bias
An increased commitment to a previous decision in spite of negative information
Escalation of commitment
The tendency of an individual to believe that they can predict the outcome of random events
Randomness error
The tendency to prefer a sure gain of a moderate amount over a riskier outcome, even if the riskier outcome might have a higher expected payoff
Risk aversion
The tendency to believe falsely, after an outcome of an event is actually known, that one would have accurately predicted that outcome
Hindsight bias
The proposition that creativity involves three stages: causes, creative behavior, and creative outcomes
Three-stage model of creativity
The stage of the creativity behavior which involved identifying a problem or opportunity that requires a solution that is yet unknown
Problem formation
The stage of creative behavior when possible solutions to a problem incubate in individual’s mind
Information gathering
