Ch 9

Question 1

Two or more individuals, interacting and independent, who have come together to achieve particular objectives

Answer 1

Group

Question 2

A designated work group defined by an organization’s structure

Answer 2

Formal group

Question 3

A group that is neither formally structured nor organizationally determined; such a group appears in response to the need for social contact

Answer 3

Informal group

Question 4

Perspective that considers when and why individuals consider themselves members of groups

Answer 4

Social Identity Theory

Question 5

Perspective in which we can see members of our in-group as better than other people, and people not in our group as all the same

Answer 5

Ingroup favoritism

Question 6

The five distinct stages groups go through; forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning

Answer 6

Five-stage group-development

Question 7

The first stage in group development, characterized by much uncertainty

Answer 7

Forming stage

Question 8

The second stage in group development, characterized by intragroup conflict

Answer 8

Storming stage

Question 9

The third stage in group development, characterized by close relationships and cohesiveness

Answer 9

Norming stage

Question 10

The fourth stage in group development, during which the group is fully functional

Answer 10

Performing stage

Question 11

The final stage in group development for temporary groups, characterized by concern with wrapping up activities rather than task performance

Answer 11

Adjourning stage

Question 12

A set of phases that temporary groups go through that involves transitions between inertia and activity

Answer 12

Punctuated-equilibrium model

Question 13

A set of expected behavior patterns attributed to someone occupying a given position in a social unit

Answer 13

Role

Question 14

An individual’s view of how he or she is supposed to act in a given situation

Answer 14

Role perception

Question 15

How others believe a person should act in a given situation

Answer 15

Role expectations

Question 16

An unwritten agreement that sets out what management expects from an employee and vice versa

Answer 16

Psychological contract

Question 17

A situation in which an individual is confronted by divergent role expectations

Answer 17

Role conflict

Question 18

Acceptable standards of behavior within a group that are shared by the group’s members

Answer 18

Norms

Question 19

The adjustment of one’s behavior to align with the norms of the group

Answer 19

Conformity

Question 20

Important groups to which individuals belong or hope to belong and with those whose norms individuals are likely to conform

Answer 20

Reference groups

Question 21

Voluntary behavior that violates significant organizational norms and, in so doing, threatens the well-being of the organizations or its members. Also called antisocial behavior or workplace incivility

Answer 21

Deviant workplace behavior

Question 22

A socially defined position or rank given to groups or group members by others

Answer 22

Status

Question 23

A theory that states the differences in status characteristics create status hierarchies within groups

Answer 23

Status characteristics theory

Question 24

The tendency for individuals to expend less effort when working collectively than when working individually

Answer 24

Social loafing

Question 25

The degree to which group members are attracted to each other and are motivated to stay in the group

Answer 25

Cohesiveness

Question 26

The extent to which members of a group are similar to, or different from, one another

Answer 26

Diversity

Question 27

The perceived divisions that split groups into two or more subgroups based on individual differences

Answer 27

Faultlines

Question 28

A phenomenon in which the norm for consensus overrides the realistic appraisal of alternative courses of action

Answer 28

Groupthink

Question 29

A change between a group's decision and an individual decision that a member within the group would make; the shift can be toward either conservatism or greater risk but it generally is toward a more extreme version of the group's original position

Answer 29

Groupshift

Question 30

Typical groups in which members interact with each other face to face

Answer 30

Interacting groups

Question 31

An idea-generation process that specifically encourages any and all alternatives while withholding any criticism of those alternatives

Answer 31

Brainstorming

Question 32

A group decision-making method in which individual members meet face to face to pool their judgements in a systematic but independent fashion

Answer 32

Nominal group technique