Ch 7

Question 1

The processes that account for an individual’s intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal

Answer 1

Motivation

Question 2

What are the five hierarchy of needs?

Answer 2

1) Physiological
2) Safety
3) Social
4) Esteem
5) Self-actualization

Question 3

Needs that are satisfied externally, such as physiological and safety needs

Answer 3

Lower-ordered needs

Question 4

The drive to become what a person is capable of becoming

Answer 4

Self-actualization

Question 5

Needs that are satisfied internally, such as social, esteem, and self-actualization needs

Answer 5

Higher-order needs

Question 6

The assumption that employees dislike work, are lazy, dislike responsibility, and must be coerced

Answer 6

Theory X

Question 7

The assumption that employees like work, are creative, seek responsibility, and can exercise self-direction

Answer 7

Theory Y

Question 8

A theory that relates intrinsic factors to job satisfaction and associates extrinsic factors with dissatisfaction

Answer 8

Two-factor theory

Question 9

Factors that, when adequate in job, placate workers. When these factors are adequate, people will not be dissatisfied

Answer 9

Hygiene factors

Question 10

A theory that states achievement, power, and affiliation are three important needs that help explain motivation

Answer 10

McClelland’s Theory of Needs

Question 11

The drive to excel, to achieve in relationship to a set of standards, and strive to succeed

Answer 11

Need for achievement

Question 12

The need to make others behave in a way in which they would not behave otherwise

Answer 12

Need for power

Question 13

The desire for friendly and close interpersonal relationships

Answer 13

need for affiliation

Question 14

A theory of motivation that is concerned with the beneficial effects of intrinsic motivation and the harmful effects of extrinsic motivation

Answer 14

self-determination theory

Question 15

A version of self-determination theory which holds that allocating extrinsic rewards for behavior that had been previously intrinsically rewarding tends to decrease the overall level of motivation if the rewards are seen as controlling

Answer 15

Cognitive Evaluation theory

Question 16

The degree to which peoples’ reasons for pursuing goals are consistent with their own interests and core values

Answer 16

Self-concordance

Question 17

The investment of the employee’s physical, cognitive, and emotional energies into job performance

Answer 17

Job engagement

Question 18

A theory that says that specific and difficult goals, with feedback, lead ti higher performance

Answer 18

Goal-setting theory

Question 19

A self-regulation strategy involves striving for goals through advancement and accomplishment

Answer 19

Promotion focus

Question 20

A self-regulation strategy that involves striving for goals by fulfilling duties and obligations

Answer 20

Prevention focus

Question 21

A program that encompasses specific goals, participatively set, for an explicit time period, with feedback on goal progress

Answer 21

Management by Objectives

Question 22

An individual’s belief that he or she is capable of performing a task

Answer 22

Self-efficacy

Question 23

What four ways can self-efficacy be increased?

Answer 23

1) Enactive mastery (most effective)
2) Vicarious modeling
3) Verbal persuasion
4) Arousal

Question 24

A theory that says that behavior is a function of its consequences

Answer 24

Reinforcement theory

Question 25

A theory that argues that behavior follows stimuli in a relatively unthinking manner

Answer 25

Behaviorism

Question 26

The view that we can learn through both observation and direct experience

Answer 26

Social-learning theory

Question 27

A theory that says that individuals compare their job inputs and outcomes with those of others and then respond to eliminate any inequities

Answer 27

Equity theory

Question 28

An overall perception of what is fair in the workplace, composed of distributed, procedural, informational, and interpersonal justice

Answer 28

Organizational justice

Question 29

Perceived fairness of the amount and allocation of rewards among individuals

Answer 29

Distributive justice

Question 30

Perceived fairness of the process used to determine the distribution of rewards

Answer 30

Procedural justice

Question 31

The degree in which employees are provided truthful explanations for decisions

Answer 31

Informational justice

Question 32

Interpersonal justice

Answer 32

The degree to which employees are treated with dignity and respect

Question 33

A theory that says that the strength of a tendency to act in a certain way depends on the strength of an expectation that the act will be followed by a given outcome and on the attractiveness of that outcome to the individual

Answer 33

Expectancy theory

Question 34

What three relationships does the expectancy theory focus on?

Answer 34

1) effort-performance 2) performance-reward 3) reward-personal goals