Chapter 1 - Intro Flashcards
(90 cards)
1
Q
Two branches of science that deal with body’s parts and function
A
Anatomy & Physiology
2
Q
Anatomy
A
The science of body structures and relationships
- First studies by dissection (cutting apart)
- Imaging techniques
3
Q
Physiology
A
The science of **body functions **
4
Q
Basic Life Processes (6)
A
1) metabolism
2) responsiveness
3) movement
4) growth
5) differentiation
6) reproduction
5
Q
Descriptions of the human body assume a specific stance - **Anatomical position **(6)
A
body upright
standing erect facing observer
head & eyes facing forward
feet are flat on the floor & forward
upper limbs to sides
palms turned forward
6
Q
Terms for a reclining body (2)
A
1) prone
2) supine
7
Q
**Prone **position
A
body is lying face down
8
Q
**Supine **position
A
body is lying face up
9
Q
**Directional Terms **
describe the?
A
position of one body part **relative to another **
group in pairs with opposite meaning
10
Q
Directional Terms for front & back
A
**anterior **(front) view
**posterior **(back) view
11
Q
___________ Nearer to the front of the body
A
anterior
12
Q
___________Nearer to the back of the body
A
posterior
13
Q
___________Toward the head
A
superior
14
Q
___________Away from the head
A
inferior
15
Q
___________Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk
A
proximal
16
Q
___________Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk
A
distal
17
Q
___________Farther from the midline
A
lateral
18
Q
___________Nearer to the midline
A
medial
19
Q
____ between 2 structures
A
intermediate
20
Q
__________ same side as another structure
A
ipsilateral
21
Q
__________ opposite side as another structure
A
contralateral
22
Q
__________ toward or on surface of body
A
superficial (external)
23
Q
________away from surface of body
A
deep (internal)
24
Q
Most Principal Regions (5)
A
Head
Neck
Trunk
Upper Limbs
Lower Limbs
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Head Region
skull & face
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Neck Region
## Footnote
Supports the head and attaches to trunk
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Trunk Region
chest, abdomen, pelvis
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Upper Limb Region
attaches to trunk (shoulder, armpit & arm)
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Lower Limb Region
attaches to trunk (buttock, thigh, leg, ankle & foot)
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**Planes**
imaginary flat surfaces that pass through the body parts
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**Sagittal** plane
a vertical plane that divides the body into right & left sides
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## Footnote
**Midsagittal** plane
divides body into equal right and left sides
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## Footnote
**Parasagittal** plane
divides body into unequal right and left sides
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**Frontal **or **Coronal **plane
## Footnote
Divides the body or an organ into **anterior (front)** and **posterior (back)** portions
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**Transverse **plane
## Footnote
Divides the body or an organ into **superior** (upper) and **inferior** (lower) portions
Also called **cross-sectional** or **horizontal** plane
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**Oblique **plane
## Footnote
Passes through the body or an organ **at an angle** Between **transverse** and **sagittal** plane
Between **transverse** and **frontal** plane
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**Sections**
cut of the body made along a plane
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**Body Cavities**
## Footnote
Spaces within the body that help **protect**, **separate**, and **support** internal organs
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(3) Body Cavities
## Footnote
1) **Cranial** cavity
2) **Thoracic** cavity
3) **Abdominopelvic** cavity
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**Cranial Cavity **is continuous with the?
Both are lined by the?
**vertebral canal **
**Meninges **
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**Cranial **cavity
- formed by?
- formed by the **cranial bones**
- protects the brain
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**Vertebral **Canal
- formed by?
- contains?
**bones** of **vertebral column** - backbone
contains the **spinal cord**
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**Meninges**
3 layers of **protective tissue **that line the **cranial cavity **& **vertebral canal **
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**Thoracic Cavity**
aka?
formed by?
**chest **cavity
ribs
muscles of chest
sternum (breastbone)
vertebral column (thoracic portion)
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Within the **thoracic **cavity....(4)
1) **pericardial **cavity
2) **pleural **cavity
3) **mediastinum **
4) **diaphragm **
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**Pericardial **cavity
fluid-filled space that surrounds the **heart**
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**Pleural **cavity
Two fluid-filled spaces that that surround each lung
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**Mediastinum**
* **Central part** of the thoracic cavity
* **Between** lungs
* Extending **from** the **sternum** to the **vertebral column **
* **First rib** to the diaphragm
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**Diaphragm **
dome shaped muscle
separates thoracic cavity from abdominopelvic cavity
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**Abdominopelvic** Cavity
extends from?
encircled by?
divided into?
extends from **diaphragm to groin**
encircled by **abdominal wall + bones & muscle of pelvis**
divided into **abdominal **& **pelvic **cavity
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**Abdominal **cavity
Stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small and large intestines
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**Pelvic **cavity
**Urinary** bladder, **internal organs** of **reproductive** system, and portions of the **large intestine**
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Which of the 2 portions of the **Abdominopelvic **cavity is the
a) **superior **portion
b) **inferior **portion
a) Abdominal
b) Pelvic
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**Viscera**
Organs of the **thoracic** and **abdominal pelvic** cavities
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**Serous **membrane
a thin slippery membrane that covers the
viscera
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Parts of the **serous membrane **(2)
1) **Parietal **layer
2) **Visceral **layer
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**Thoracic** & **Abdominal Cavity Membranes (3) **
1) **Pleura**
2) **Pericardium**
3) **Peritoneum**
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**Pleura**
serous membrane of the **pleural cavities **
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**Pericardium**
serous membrane of the **pericardial cavity**
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Peritoneum
serous membrane of the **abdominal **cavity
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(2) types of **Pleura **
1) **Visceral **pleura
2) **Parietal **pleura
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1) **Visceral** pleura
2) **Parietal **pleura
1) clings to **surface of lungs**
2) lines the **chest wall**
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(2) types of **Pericardium**
1) **Visceral** pericardium
2) **Parietal** pericardium
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1) **Visceral** pericardium
2) **Parietal** pericardium
1) covers **heart**
2) lines **chest wall**
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(2) types of **Peritoneum**
1) **Visceral **peritoneum
2) **Parietal **peritoneum
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1) **Visceral **peritoneum
2) **Parietal** peritoneum
1) covers **abdominal cavity **(viscera)
2) lines the **abdominal wall **
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**Retroperitoneal **
between **parietal peritoneum** & ***posterior* abdominal wall**
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**Other **Cavities
1) **oral **cavity
2) **nasal **cavity
3) **orbital** cavities
4) middle **ear** cavities
5) **synovial** cavities
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**Oral **cavity
**mouth**
tongue & teeth
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**Nasal **cavity
nose
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**Orbital **cavities
(orbits)
eyeball
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**Middle Ear **cavities
small bones of the middle ear
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**Tic-Tac-Toe Region**
Abdominopelvic Regions
*Used to describe the location of abdominal and pelvic organs *
**2 horizontal** & **2 vertical** lines partition the cavity
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**Tic-Tac-Toe Grid**
2 horizontal & 2 vertical lines partition cavity
*(3) lines*
1) **subcostal line ** - top horizontal
2) **transtubercular **line - bottom horizontal
3) **midclavicular **line - 2 vertical lines
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1) **subcostal** line - top horizontal
2) **transtubercular **line - bottom horizontal
3) **midclavicular **line - 2 vertical lines
1) inferior to rib cage
2) inferior to top of hip bone
3) midpoints to clavicles & medial to nipples
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(9) abdominopelvic regions
right hypochondriac epigastric left hypochondriac
right lumbar umbilical left lumbar
right inguinal (iliac) hypogastric (pubic) left inguinal (iliac)
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(2) methods of dividing abdominal cavity into smaller areas
1) Tic-Tac-Toe Grid
2) Quadrants
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2nd method - **Quadrants**
(2) lines
midsagittal line + tranverse line
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*method 2: ***Quadrant** method
vertical & horizontal lines pass through **umbilicus (belly-button)**
## Footnote
Right upper Left upper
Right lower Left lower
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Medical Imaging
**Techniques** & **procedures** used to **create images** of the **human body**
## Footnote
```
Allow visualization of structures inside the body
Diagnosis of anatomical and physiological disorders
Conventional radiography (X-rays) have been in use since the late 1940’s
```
82
**Radiography**
produce image of interior structures
• **Inexpensive** & **quick **
• **Hollow** structures appear **black** or **gray **
• Do not pass easily through dense structure (bone)
- At low dose, useful for soft tissue (breast)
- **Mammography** (breast)
- **Bone densitometry** (bone density)
83
**Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) **
• High energy magnetic field
- Protons in body fluid align with field
• **Color** image on a video monitor
- 2D and 3D blueprint
• Relatively safe procedure
- **Not used on patients containing metal **
• Used for d**ifferentiating normal** and **abnormal** **tissues**
- **Tumors**, **brain** **abnormalities**, **blood** **flow**
84
**Computed Tomography **
## Footnote
Computer-Assisted radiography **(CT-Scan)**
**3-D structures**
- Visualize soft tissue in **more** **detail** than conventional radiography
- Tissue intensities show varying degrees of gray
- Whole-body CT scan
- Lung & kidney cancers, coronary artery disease
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## Footnote
**Ultrasound Scanning**
**• High frequency sound waves **
- Sonogram
- Noninvasive, painless, no dyes
- Pregnancy (fetus)
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## Footnote
**Radionuclide Scanning**
**Radioactive substance (radionuclide) given intravenously**
Gamma rays detected by camera
Radionuclide image displays on video monitor
Color intensity represents uptake
**Single-photo-emission computerized tomography (SPECT)**
Specialized technique used for brain, heart, lungs, and liver
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## Footnote
**Positron Emission Tomography (PET)**
• **Positron** (positively charged particles) **emitting** **substance** injected into the body
- Collision between positrons and negatively charged electron in body tissues
- ** Gamma rays produced**
- Computer constructed a PET scan image in color
- **Used to study physiology of body structures (metabolism) **
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**Endoscopy **
(3) types
1) **colonoscopy**
2) **laparoscopy**
3) **arthroscopy**
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**Endoscopy**
uses?
**Endoscope - **lighted instrument with lens
image projected onto a monitor
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