Chapter 1 - Intro Flashcards
1
Q
Two branches of science that deal with body’s parts and function
A
Anatomy & Physiology
2
Q
Anatomy
A
The science of body structures and relationships
- First studies by dissection (cutting apart)
- Imaging techniques
3
Q
Physiology
A
The science of **body functions **
4
Q
Basic Life Processes (6)
A
1) metabolism
2) responsiveness
3) movement
4) growth
5) differentiation
6) reproduction
5
Q
Descriptions of the human body assume a specific stance - **Anatomical position **(6)
A
body upright
standing erect facing observer
head & eyes facing forward
feet are flat on the floor & forward
upper limbs to sides
palms turned forward
6
Q
Terms for a reclining body (2)
A
1) prone
2) supine
7
Q
**Prone **position
A
body is lying face down
8
Q
**Supine **position
A
body is lying face up
9
Q
**Directional Terms **
describe the?
A
position of one body part **relative to another **
group in pairs with opposite meaning
10
Q
Directional Terms for front & back
A
**anterior **(front) view
**posterior **(back) view
11
Q
___________ Nearer to the front of the body
A
anterior
12
Q
___________Nearer to the back of the body
A
posterior
13
Q
___________Toward the head
A
superior
14
Q
___________Away from the head
A
inferior
15
Q
___________Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk
A
proximal
16
Q
___________Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk
A
distal
17
Q
___________Farther from the midline
A
lateral
18
Q
___________Nearer to the midline
A
medial
19
Q
____ between 2 structures
A
intermediate
20
Q
__________ same side as another structure
A
ipsilateral
21
Q
__________ opposite side as another structure
A
contralateral
22
Q
__________ toward or on surface of body
A
superficial (external)
23
Q
________away from surface of body
A
deep (internal)
24
Q
Most Principal Regions (5)
A
Head
Neck
Trunk
Upper Limbs
Lower Limbs
25
Head Region
skull & face
26
Neck Region
## Footnote
Supports the head and attaches to trunk
27
Trunk Region
chest, abdomen, pelvis
28
Upper Limb Region
attaches to trunk (shoulder, armpit & arm)
29
Lower Limb Region
attaches to trunk (buttock, thigh, leg, ankle & foot)
30
**Planes**
imaginary flat surfaces that pass through the body parts
31
32
**Sagittal** plane
a vertical plane that divides the body into right & left sides
33
## Footnote
**Midsagittal** plane
divides body into equal right and left sides
34
## Footnote
**Parasagittal** plane
divides body into unequal right and left sides
35
**Frontal **or **Coronal **plane
## Footnote
Divides the body or an organ into **anterior (front)** and **posterior (back)** portions
36
**Transverse **plane
## Footnote
Divides the body or an organ into **superior** (upper) and **inferior** (lower) portions
Also called **cross-sectional** or **horizontal** plane
37
**Oblique **plane
## Footnote
Passes through the body or an organ **at an angle** Between **transverse** and **sagittal** plane
Between **transverse** and **frontal** plane
38
**Sections**
cut of the body made along a plane
39
**Body Cavities**
## Footnote
Spaces within the body that help **protect**, **separate**, and **support** internal organs
40
(3) Body Cavities
## Footnote
1) **Cranial** cavity
2) **Thoracic** cavity
3) **Abdominopelvic** cavity
41
**Cranial Cavity **is continuous with the?
Both are lined by the?
**vertebral canal **
**Meninges **
42
**Cranial **cavity
- formed by?
- formed by the **cranial bones**
- protects the brain
43
**Vertebral **Canal
- formed by?
- contains?
**bones** of **vertebral column** - backbone
contains the **spinal cord**
44
**Meninges**
3 layers of **protective tissue **that line the **cranial cavity **& **vertebral canal **
45
**Thoracic Cavity**
aka?
formed by?
**chest **cavity
ribs
muscles of chest
sternum (breastbone)
vertebral column (thoracic portion)
46
Within the **thoracic **cavity....(4)
1) **pericardial **cavity
2) **pleural **cavity
3) **mediastinum **
4) **diaphragm **
47
**Pericardial **cavity
fluid-filled space that surrounds the **heart**
48
**Pleural **cavity
Two fluid-filled spaces that that surround each lung
49
**Mediastinum**
* **Central part** of the thoracic cavity
* **Between** lungs
* Extending **from** the **sternum** to the **vertebral column **
* **First rib** to the diaphragm
50
**Diaphragm **
dome shaped muscle
separates thoracic cavity from abdominopelvic cavity
51
**Abdominopelvic** Cavity
extends from?
encircled by?
divided into?
extends from **diaphragm to groin**
encircled by **abdominal wall + bones & muscle of pelvis**
divided into **abdominal **& **pelvic **cavity
52
**Abdominal **cavity
Stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small and large intestines
53
**Pelvic **cavity
**Urinary** bladder, **internal organs** of **reproductive** system, and portions of the **large intestine**
54
Which of the 2 portions of the **Abdominopelvic **cavity is the
a) **superior **portion
b) **inferior **portion
a) Abdominal
b) Pelvic
55
**Viscera**
Organs of the **thoracic** and **abdominal pelvic** cavities
56
**Serous **membrane
a thin slippery membrane that covers the
viscera
57
Parts of the **serous membrane **(2)
1) **Parietal **layer
2) **Visceral **layer
58
**Thoracic** & **Abdominal Cavity Membranes (3) **
1) **Pleura**
2) **Pericardium**
3) **Peritoneum**
59
**Pleura**
serous membrane of the **pleural cavities **
60
**Pericardium**
serous membrane of the **pericardial cavity**
61
Peritoneum
serous membrane of the **abdominal **cavity
62
(2) types of **Pleura **
1) **Visceral **pleura
2) **Parietal **pleura
63
1) **Visceral** pleura
2) **Parietal **pleura
1) clings to **surface of lungs**
2) lines the **chest wall**
64
(2) types of **Pericardium**
1) **Visceral** pericardium
2) **Parietal** pericardium
65
1) **Visceral** pericardium
2) **Parietal** pericardium
1) covers **heart**
2) lines **chest wall**
66
(2) types of **Peritoneum**
1) **Visceral **peritoneum
2) **Parietal **peritoneum
67
1) **Visceral **peritoneum
2) **Parietal** peritoneum
1) covers **abdominal cavity **(viscera)
2) lines the **abdominal wall **
68
**Retroperitoneal **
between **parietal peritoneum** & ***posterior* abdominal wall**
69
**Other **Cavities
1) **oral **cavity
2) **nasal **cavity
3) **orbital** cavities
4) middle **ear** cavities
5) **synovial** cavities
70
**Oral **cavity
**mouth**
tongue & teeth
71
**Nasal **cavity
nose
72
**Orbital **cavities
(orbits)
eyeball
73
**Middle Ear **cavities
small bones of the middle ear
74
**Tic-Tac-Toe Region**
Abdominopelvic Regions
*Used to describe the location of abdominal and pelvic organs *
**2 horizontal** & **2 vertical** lines partition the cavity
75
**Tic-Tac-Toe Grid**
2 horizontal & 2 vertical lines partition cavity
*(3) lines*
1) **subcostal line ** - top horizontal
2) **transtubercular **line - bottom horizontal
3) **midclavicular **line - 2 vertical lines
76
1) **subcostal** line - top horizontal
2) **transtubercular **line - bottom horizontal
3) **midclavicular **line - 2 vertical lines
1) inferior to rib cage
2) inferior to top of hip bone
3) midpoints to clavicles & medial to nipples
77
(9) abdominopelvic regions
right hypochondriac epigastric left hypochondriac
right lumbar umbilical left lumbar
right inguinal (iliac) hypogastric (pubic) left inguinal (iliac)
78
(2) methods of dividing abdominal cavity into smaller areas
1) Tic-Tac-Toe Grid
2) Quadrants
79
2nd method - **Quadrants**
(2) lines
midsagittal line + tranverse line
80
*method 2: ***Quadrant** method
vertical & horizontal lines pass through **umbilicus (belly-button)**
## Footnote
Right upper Left upper
Right lower Left lower
81
Medical Imaging
**Techniques** & **procedures** used to **create images** of the **human body**
## Footnote
```
Allow visualization of structures inside the body
Diagnosis of anatomical and physiological disorders
Conventional radiography (X-rays) have been in use since the late 1940’s
```
82
**Radiography**
produce image of interior structures
• **Inexpensive** & **quick **
• **Hollow** structures appear **black** or **gray **
• Do not pass easily through dense structure (bone)
- At low dose, useful for soft tissue (breast)
- **Mammography** (breast)
- **Bone densitometry** (bone density)
83
**Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) **
• High energy magnetic field
- Protons in body fluid align with field
• **Color** image on a video monitor
- 2D and 3D blueprint
• Relatively safe procedure
- **Not used on patients containing metal **
• Used for d**ifferentiating normal** and **abnormal** **tissues**
- **Tumors**, **brain** **abnormalities**, **blood** **flow**
84
**Computed Tomography **
## Footnote
Computer-Assisted radiography **(CT-Scan)**
**3-D structures**
- Visualize soft tissue in **more** **detail** than conventional radiography
- Tissue intensities show varying degrees of gray
- Whole-body CT scan
- Lung & kidney cancers, coronary artery disease
85
## Footnote
**Ultrasound Scanning**
**• High frequency sound waves **
- Sonogram
- Noninvasive, painless, no dyes
- Pregnancy (fetus)
86
## Footnote
**Radionuclide Scanning**
**Radioactive substance (radionuclide) given intravenously**
Gamma rays detected by camera
Radionuclide image displays on video monitor
Color intensity represents uptake
**Single-photo-emission computerized tomography (SPECT)**
Specialized technique used for brain, heart, lungs, and liver
87
## Footnote
**Positron Emission Tomography (PET)**
• **Positron** (positively charged particles) **emitting** **substance** injected into the body
- Collision between positrons and negatively charged electron in body tissues
- ** Gamma rays produced**
- Computer constructed a PET scan image in color
- **Used to study physiology of body structures (metabolism) **
88
**Endoscopy **
(3) types
1) **colonoscopy**
2) **laparoscopy**
3) **arthroscopy**
89
**Endoscopy**
uses?
**Endoscope - **lighted instrument with lens
image projected onto a monitor
90
