gametes
sex cells
gametes (sex cells) combine their genes to form ?
fertilized egg - zygote
Primary Sex Organs
produce gametes (testes & ovaries)
Secondary Sex Organs
male - ducts, glands, penis delivers sperm cells
female - uterine tubes, uterus & vagina recieve sperm & nourish developing fetus
secondary sex characteristics
develop at puberty to attract a mate
Chromosomes
our cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes
22 pairs of autosomes - non-sex chromosomes
1 pair of sex chromosomes
XY males - XX females
sex of child determined by?
type of sperm that fertilizes mother's eff
Gonads begin to develop at __ weeks
(2) sets of ducts
6 weeks
mesonephric - develop into male reproductive system
paramesonephric - develop into female reproductive tract
SRY gene
in males, codes for?
sex-determining region of Y gene
in males, codes for protein that causes developement of testes → secrete testosterone → mullerian-inhibiting factor → degenerates paramesonephric ducts
Female development occurs in absence of?
SRY
External genitals of male & female embryos remain undifferentiated until about ___ weeks
both have same (3) structures
8
1) urogenital folds
2) genital tubercle
3) labitoscrotal swelling
1) urogenital folds
2) genital tubercle
3) labitoscrotal swelling
1) MALE - enclose urethra
FEMALE - form labia minora
2) M: glans of penis
F: clitoris
3) scrotum or labia majora
Gonads of male - testes
produce sperm & secrete hormones
System of ducts in male testes
transport & store sperm. assist in their maturation, convey them to exterior
Sperm:
Seminiferous tubules → ?...
straight tubules → rete testis → efferent ducts in epididymis → ductus epididymis
Function of Epididymis
sperm maturation & storage
From epididymis, sperm travels to...
Vas deferens (ductus deferens) (part of spermatic cord) → ejaculatory ducts → urethra
Accessory sex glands (3)
add secretions to semen
seminal vesicles, prostate & bulbourethral glands
Accessory sex glands
- seminal vesicles
help neutralize acidic environment of male urethra & female reproductive tract by secreting alkaline fluid
- fructose for ATP production
60% of sperm volume
Accessory sex glands
- Prostate
slightly acidic fluid
for ATP production, proteolytic enzymes to break down clotting (eventually) from seminal vesicle
antibiotic to destroy bacteria
Accessory sex glands
- bulbourethral glands
alkaline fluid
protects sperm by neutralizing acids from urine in urethra
secrete mucus - lubricates end of penis & urethra lining,
Scrotum
supporting structure for testes
raphe of scrotum
external median ridge
1) Scrotal septum
2) Cremaster muscle
1) internally divides scrotum into two sacs, each containing a single testis
made up of subQ layer & muscle tissue - dartos muscle (smooth muscle)
2) series of skeletal muscle bands associated with each testis in scrotum
Testes
1) tunica vaginalis
2) tunica albuginea
1) serous membrane partially covering testes
2) internal - white fibrous capsule
extends inward & divides testis into lobules which contain seminiferous tubules that produce sperm
(2) types of cells in seminiferous tubules
1) spermatogenic cells - sperm-forming cells
2) sertoli cells- functions in supporting spermatogenesis
Spermatagonia ( __ ___) develop from __ ___ cells that arise in ___ __ and enter testes in __ week of developement
(sperm cells)
primordial germ cells
yolk sac
5th
toward lumen of seminiferous tubule are layers of progressively more mature cells.
In order of advancing maturity:
primary spermatocytes → 2ndary spermatocytes →spermatids →sperm cells
Sertoli cells
embedded among spermatogenic cells
extend from basement membrane to lumen
- nourish, phagocytize xs cytoplasm, control movements, & release of sperm into lumen
produce fluid for sperm transport
secrete inhibin & regulate effects of testosterone & FSH
Leydig (interstitial) cells
found in spaces between seminiferous tubules
secrete testosterone
Sperm
1) Head
2) Tail
1) nucleus with 23 chromosomes
acrosome - vesicle filled with oocyte penetrating enzyme (for fertilization)
2) neck - contains centrioles forming microtubules that comprise remainder of tail
middle piece - contains mitochondria
principal piece - longest portion of tail
end piece - terminal, tapering portion of tail
Spermatic cord
ascends out of scrotum
includes ductus deferens
Ejaculatory ducts terminate in ___
prostatic urethra
Urethra
subdivided into (3)?
1) prostatic
2) membranous
3) spongy (penile)
ends at external urethral orifice
Penis
contains urethra
passageway for ejaculation of semen & excretion of urine
Body of Penis
Glans Penis
Prepuce (foreskin)
Root
Body of penis
3 cylindrical masses of tissue with erectile tissue
Glans penis
terminal opening is external urethral orifice
Prepuce
aka foreskin
covers glans in uncircumsized men
Root of penis
attached proximal portion
consists of bulb & crura
Female reproductive system
gonads - ovaries
uterine (fallopian) tubes (oviducts)
uterus
vagina
external organs - vulva or pudendum
mammary glands
Ovaries
analagous to testes
produce gametes - 2ndary oocytes that develop into mature ova (eggs) after fertilization
Series of ligament hold ovaries into place
(3)
1) broad ligament - part of parietal peritoneum
2) ovarian ligament - anchors ovaries to uterus
3) suspensory ligament - attaches ovaries to pelvic wall
Histology of ovary
- consists of? (7)
1) germinal epithelium
2) tunica albuginea
3) ovarian cortex
4) ovarian medulla
5) ovarian follicles
6) mature (graafian) follicles
7) corpus luteum
1) germinal epithelium
2) tunica albuginea
3) ovarian cortex
4) ovarian medulla
5) ovarian follicles
6) mature (graafian) follicles
7) corpus luteum
1) covers ovary surface
2) whitish capsule of dense irregular CT
3) ovarian follicles surrounded by stromal cells
4) contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels & nerves
5) in cortex, consists of oocytes in various stages of development
surrounding cells nourish developing oocyte (follicular -> granulosa cells) & secrete estrogens as follicle grows
6) large, fluid-filled, ready to expel 2ndary oocyte - ovulation
7) contains remnants of mature follicle after ovulation - produces progesterone, estrogens, relaxin, inhibin until it degenerates into fibrous scar tissue (corpus albicans)
Uterine (fallopian tubes) or oviduct
extend laterally from uterus
provide route for sperm to reach ovum
transport 2ndary oocytes & fertilized ova from ovaries to uterus
parts of the Uterine (fallopian) tube
Infundibulum
fimbrae
ampulla
isthmus
Parts of Uterine (fallopian) Tube
Infundibulum
Fimbrae
Ampulla
Isthmus
funnel shaped portion, infundibulum close to ovary & open to pelvic cavity
- ends in finger-like fimbrae, one of which is attached to lateral end of ovary
ampulla - widest longest portion
isthmus - more medial, narrow, thick-walled portion that joins uterus
Histology of Uterine tubes
(3) layers
1) mucosa
2) muscularis
3) serosa
Histology of Uterine tubes
(3) layers
1) mucosa
2) muscularis
3) serosa
1) epithelium & lamina propria, ciliary conveyer belts help move fertilized ovum toward uterus & peg cells that nourish ovum
2) inner, thick, circular smooth muscle ring & outer, thin, longitudinal smooth muscle region, also help move ovum toward uterus
3) serous membrane
Uterus
anatomical subdivisions (3)
1) fundus
2) body
3) cervix
isthmus - constricted region b/w uterus body & cervix
Uterine cavity
interior of body of uterus
cervical canal
interior of cervix
cervical canal opens into uterine cavity at __ ___ and into vagina at __ ___
cervical canal opens into uterine cavity at internal os and into vagina at external os
Anteflexion of uterus
normally, body of uterus project anteriorly & superiorly over urinary bladder (called anteflexion)
Several ligaments maintain position of uterus (4)
1) broad
2) uterosacral - connect to sacrum
3) cardinal (lateral cervical)
4) round
Histology of Uterus
(3) layers
1) perimetrium
2) myometrium
3) endometrium
Histology of Uterus
(3) layers
1) perimetrium
2) myometrium
3) endometrium
1) part of visceral peritoneum
- broad ligament (laterally), vesicouterine pouch (anteriorly), rectouterine pouch (posteriorly)
2) middle layer - 3 layers of smooth muscle
labor → oxytocin from posterior pituitary → help expel fetus
3) two layers -stratum basalis (basal layer) - permanent, gives rise to new stratum functionalis (functional layer) lines uterine cavity & sloughs off during menstration
Blood supply to Uterus
internal iliac a. → uterine a. → arcuate a. → radial a. → straight (stratum basalis) + spiral arterioles (stratum functionalis) → uterine v. → internal iliac v.
Cervical mucus
alkaline secretion produced by secretory cells of mucosa that is more hospitable to sperm near ovulation but otherwise impedes sperm at other times.
function in capacitation - functional changes in sperm before they are able to fertlize 2ndary oocyte
Vagina
fibromuscular canal extending from exterior of body to uterine cervix
acidic environment
Histology of Vagina
(2) layers
1) muscularis
2) adventitia
Histology of Vagina
1) muscularis
2) adventitia
1) outer circular layer, inner longitudinal layer of smooth muscle
2) superficial layer of areolar CT that anchors vagina to adjacent organs
Hymen of Vagina
thin fold of vascularized mucous membrane forming border around & partially closing vaginal orifice
Vulva (pudendum)
external genitals of female
components of Vulva (5)
1) mons pubis
2) labia majora
3) labia minora
4) clitoris
5) vestibule
6) bulb of vestibule
Components of Vulva
1) mons pubis
2) labia majora
3) labia minora
4) clitoris
5) vestibule
6) bulb of vestible
1) adipose tissue covered by skin & pubic hair
2) homologous to scrotum - oil & sweat glands
3) homologous to spongy (penile) urethra - only few sweat but many oil glands
4) prepuce & glans clitoris - (glans penis)
5) betwen labia minora - (membranous urethra)
6) (corpus spongiosum & bulb of penis)
Perineum
contains?
diamond-shaped area medial to thighs & butt of males & females
contains external genitalia & anus
Breast/Mammary glands
nipple has openings of lactiferous ducts
areola - pigmented area
mammary gland - modified sudoriferous (sweat) glands that produce milk
lobes divided into lobules which are composed alveoli (milk-secreting glands)
When milk is being produced it passes from ___ to...
alveoli → secondary tubules → mammary ducts → lactiferous sinuses → lactiferous duct (lobe → exterior)
Ovarian cycle
series of events in ovaries that occur during & after maturation of an oocyte
Uterine (menstrual) cycle
concurrent series of changes in endometrium of uterus to prepare for arrival of fertilized ovum that will develop there after birth
Female reproductive cycle encompasses...
ovarian & uterine cycles, hormonal changes that regulate them & related cyclical changes in breasts & cervix
What controls the ovarian & uterine cycles?
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secreted by hypothalamus
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulates?
release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) from anterior pituitary.
1) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
2) Luteinizing hormone (LH)
stimulate?
1) initiates follicular growth
2) stimulates further development of ovarian follicles
BOTH stimulate ovarian follicles to secrete estrogens.
Functions of Estrogens
secreted by?
promote development & maintence of female reproductive structures & sex characteristics & breasts
ovarian follicles
1) GnRH
2) FSH & LH
3) estrogens
4) progesterone
5) relaxin
6) inhibin
produced by? function?
1) hypothalamus - controls ovarian & uterine cycles
2) anterior pituitary - follicular growth & further development, stimulate ovarian follicles to secrete estrogens
3) ovarian follicles - develop/maintain female repro. structures & sex characteristics
4) cells of corpus luteum - prep/maintain endometrium for implantation & mammary glands for milk secretion, inhibit GnRH + LH
5) corpus luteum - inhibits myometrium contractions (relax uterus)
6) granulosa cells of growing follicles & corpus luteum - inhibits FSH secretion & LH
Phases of Female Reproductive Cycle (4)
1) menstrual
2) preovulatory
3) ovulation
4) postovulatory
1) menstrual phase
first 5 days
IN OVARIES: FSH → primordial f. → 1º f. →2º f.
IN UTERUS: ↓ progesterone & estrogens → ↑ prostaglandins → uterine spiral arteries constrict → endometrium shedding
2) preovulatory phase
days 6-13 in 28 day cycle
UTERINE CYCLE - proliferative phase (endometrium is proliferating)
IN OVARIES: 2 f. secrete estrogens & inhibin → dominant follicle → ↓ FSH → mature (graafian) follicle
IN UTERUS: estrogens stimulate repair of endometrium
3) ovulation
day 14
high estrogens levels at end of preov. phase exert positive feedback effect on cells that secrete LH & GnRH
↑ estrogens → ↑ GnRH + ↑ LH
↑ GnRH → ↑FSH
↑ LH → rupture of mature (graafian) follicle & release of 2ndary oocyte into pelvic cavity
Follicular phase
with reference to ovarian cycle,
menstrual + preovulatory phase
because ovarian follicles are growing & developing
4) postovulatory phase
lasts 14 days (day 15-28)
IN ONE OVARY: luteal phase (ovarian cycle)
blood clot, LH → theca interna + granulosa → corpus luteum cells
not fertilized: corpus luteum → corpus albicans
fertilized: 2ndary oocyte divides & corpus luteum persists
IN UTERUS: thickening of endometrium,
Secretory phase (uterine cycle) - secretory action of endometrial glands
Hormone cycle:
hierarchy of control?
hypothalamus → pituitary → ovaries → uterus
