Chapter 8 - Appendicular Skeleton Flashcards
1
Q
Appendicular Skeleton
The primary function is ?
A
movement
2
Q
**Appendicular Skeleton **includes?
A
bones of the upper and lower limbs
girdles attach the limbs to the axial skeleton
3
Q
Each upper limb has __ bones
A
30
4
Q
(2) seperate regions of upper limb
A
1) pectoral (shoulder) girdle (2 bones)
2) free part (30 bones)
5
Q
**Pectoral (shoulder) Girdle **consists of 2 bones
A
1) scapula
2) clavicle
6
Q
(30) bones of the the part of the upper limbs
A
1 **humerus **(arm)
1 **radius **(forearm)
1 **ulna **(forearm)
8 **carpals **(wrist)
19 ( 5 **metacarpals **& 14 **phalanges) **(hand)
7
Q
**Clavicle **
ends & joints
A
S shaped
medial end articulates with manubrium of sternum forming sternoclavicular joint
lateral end articulates with acromion forming acromioclavicular joint
8
Q
The clavicle is :
______________in shape anteriorly near the sternal junction
______________anteriorly on its lateral edge near the acromion
A
convex
concave
9
Q
Scapula (shoulder blade)
shape
most notable features
A
triangular
spine, acromion, coracoid process & glenoid cavity
10
Q
Scapula
- **spine **
A
a large process on the posterior of the scapula that ends laterally as the acromion
11
Q
acromion of scapula
A
the flattened lateral portion of the spine of the scapula
12
Q
**coracoid process **of scapula
A
a protruding projection on the anterior surface just inferior to the lateral aspect of the clavicle
13
Q
**Glenoid Cavity **of scapula
A
shallow concavity that articulates with the head of the humeru
14
Q
**Medial (vertebral) border **of scapula
A
closest to the vertebral spine
15
Q
**Superior border **of scapula
A
superior edge
16
Q
**Lateral (axillary) border **of scapula
A
closest to arm
17
Q
**Inferior angle **of scapula
A
where medial and lateral borders meet inferiorly
18
Q
**Superior angle **of scapulaa
A
uppermost aspect of scapula where medial border meets superior border
19
Q
**Subscapular fossa **of scapula
A
anterior concavity where the subscapularis muscle attaches
20
Q
**Supraspinous fossa **of scapula
A
posterior concavity superior to the scapular spine, attachment site for supraspinatus muscle
21
Q
**Infraspinous fossa **of scapula
A
- posterior concavity inferior to the scapular spine, site of infraspinatus muscle
22
Q
Humerus
A
- longest & largest bone of free part of upper limb
23
Q
Humerus - articulation with shoulder blade
A
proximal ball-shaped end of humerus articulates with glenoid cavity of the scapula (**glenohumeral joint) **
24
Q
Humerus - articulations
A
proximal ball end with glenoid cavity of scapula
distal end at elbow with radius & ulna
25
The head of the humerus has (2) unequal-sized projections
**greater tubercle - **lies more laterally
**lesser tubercle **- lies more anteriorly
26
Between the tubercles lies the ______________ where the long head of the biceps brachii tendon is located
**intertubercular **groove or sulcus (bicipital groove)
27
Just distal to the head is the ___ \_\_\_ which is where the __ \_\_\_ begins and is a common area for fracture
surgical neck
tubular shaft
28
About mid-shaft on the lateral aspect is a roughened area, the ___ \_\_\_ where the deltoid tendon attaches
deltoid tuberosity
29
a round knob-like process on the lateral distal humerus
capitulum
30
- medial to the capitulum, is a spool-shaped projection on the distal humerus
trochlea
31
anterior depression that receives the coronoid process of the ulna during forearm flexion
coronoid fossa
32
posterior depression that receives the olecranon of the ulna during forearm extension
olecranon fossa
33
medial & lateral epicondyles
bony projections to which the forearm muscles attach
34
The longer of the two forearm bones
Ulna
35
**Ulna **
location?
medial to the **radius**
36
e large, prominent proximal end, the “tip of your elbow”
olecranon
37
the anterior “lip” of the proximal ulna
coronoid process
38
- the deep fossa that receives the trochlea of the humerus during elbow flexion
trochlear notch
39
the thin cylindrical projection on the posterior side of the ulna’s head
styloid process
40
Lies lateral to the ulna (thumb side of the forearm)
Radius
41
**Radius **
Location of Neck & Head
articulations?
**head** (disc-shaped) and **neck** are at **proximal end **
head articulates with **capitulum** of **humerus** and **radial notch** of the ulna
42
- medial and inferior to neck, attachment site for biceps brachii muscle
radial tuberosity
43
large distal projection on lateral side of radius
styloid process
44
The shaft of the **ulna & radius **are connected by ?
an interosseus membrane
45
Joints between **ulna & radius**
**proximal radioulnar** joint and a **distal radioulnar** joint
46
**proximal** radioulnar joint
**distal** radioulnar joint
**Proximally**, **head** of radius articulates with **radial** notch of ulna
**Distally**, **head** of ulna articulates with **ulnar** notch of radius
47
Carpus (wrist)
consists of?
8 small bones (**carpals**) in 2 rows
48
(2) rows of carpal bones
**Proximal** row - scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform
**Distal** row - trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
(**lateral** to **medial**)
49
most commonly fractured **carpal bone**
scaphoid
50
Carpal tunnel
space between carpal bones & flexor retinaculum
51
**Metacarpals **
how many? how are they numbered?
5 metacarpals
numbered I-V, lateral to medial
52
**Phalanges **of the hand
how many?
14 phalanges
2 in the thumb (pollex), 3 in each of the other fingers
53
each **metacarpal **& **phalanx **has a ..(3) ?
base, shaft & head
54
Joints of the Hand
**carpometacarpal **- distal row of carpals & metacarpal base
**metacarpophalangeal **- metacarpal head & proximal phalanges
**interphalangeal **- between phalanges
55
**Skeleton of the Lower Limb **
(2) seperate regions
1) pelvic girdle (2 bones)
2) free part (30 bones)
56
**Pelvic (Hip) Girdle **
consists of?
3 bones that fuse together:
superior **ilium**
inferior & anterior **pubis **
inferior & posterior **ischium**
57
the 2 coxal bones are joined ___ by the ___ (\_\_\_)
and ___ by the ___ forming the ____ joints
**anteriorly **by the **pubic symphysis (fibrocartilage)**
**posteriorly **by the **sacrum **forming the **sacroiliac **joints
58
The complete ring composed of the __ \_\_, __ \_\_\_, and ___ forms a deep, basinlike structure called the **bony pelvis**
**hip bones, pubic symphysis **and **sacrum **
59
**Largest** of the 3 hip bones
Ilium
60
The **Ilium **is the ___ part of the hip bone
consists of? (2) which forms?
**superior part **of hip bone
consists of **superior ala **& **inferior body **which forms **acetabulum **(socket for head of femur)
61
**Superior border **of Ilium
ends?
**iliac crest **ends anteriorly in a blunt **anterior superior iliac spine**
62
**Hip Pointer**
**bruising** of the **anterior superior iliac spine **& associated soft tissues
63
**Greater Sciatic Notch **of Ilium
allows passage of sciatic nerve
64
**Inferior** and **posterior **part of hip bone
**Ischium**
65
Most *prominent feature* of the **Ischium**
**Ischial tuberosity, **the part that meets the chair when you are sitting
66
**Inferior** and **anterior** part of the hip bone
**Pubis**
67
what (3) things make up the **p****ubis **of hip bone
**superior rami, inferior rami** and **body **
68
anterior, superior border of body of **pubis**
**pubic crest**
69
Projection at lateral end of pubic crest
**pubic tubercle**
70
The **pubic tubercle** is the beginning of?
a raised line, the **pectineal line**
71
The **pectineal line** extends ___ and ___ along ___ \_\_\_ to merge with __ \_\_ of \_\_\_.
extends **superiorly** and **laterally** along** superior ramus** to merge with **arcuate line** of **ilium**.
72
What are important landmarks for distinguishing the **superior (false)** and **inferior (true)** portions of the **bony pelvis.**
the **pectineal line **and the **arcuate line**
73
**Ischium **is comprised of? (2)
superior **body **and an inferior **ramus **(portion of ischium that fuses with pubis)
74
Where is & what forms the **pubic arch?**
Inferior to the **pubic symphysis **(joint between 2 pubes of hip bones), the **inferior rami **of the 2 pubic bones converge to form the **pubic arch **
75
**acetabulum**
deep fossa formed by the **ilium**, **ischium**, and **pubis **that functions as a socket and accepts rounded head of femur
76
What forms the **hip (coxal) joint**
the **acetabulum** and the **femoral** **head **
77
** acetabular notch**
deep indentation on inferior side of acetabulum that forms a foramen through which blood vessels & nerves pass & serves as point of attachment for ligaments of the femur
78
**Head** of **Ulna** vs. **Head** of **Radius**
**Ulna: **head = distal end
**Radius: **head (& neck) = proximal end
79
**Pelvic Brim (Inlet) **
significance?
a line from **sacral promontory** to upper part of **pubic symphysis **
boundary that divides bony pelvis into superior & inferior portions
80
**Pelvic Brim **can be traced by following landmarks around parts of the hip bone to form the outline of an oblique plane.
Explain.
Begin posteriorly at **sacral promontory **of sacrum
trace laterally and inferiorly along **arcuate lines **of ilium.
Continue inferiorly along **pectineal** **lines **of pubis.
Finally, trace anteriorly along **pubic crest **to the superior portion of **pubic symphysis.**
81
**False **Pelvis
bordered by?
false (**greater**) pelvis
superior to pelvic brim
bordered by **lumbar vertebrae **(posteriorly), **upper portion of hip bones** (laterally) & **abdominal wall** (anteriorly)
82
The False (greater) Pelvis contains?
no pelvic organs except urinary bladder (when full) and uterus during pregnancy
83
**True** (**lesser**) **Pelvis**
the bony pelvis **inferior** to pelvic brim
- has an **inlet**, an **outlet** and a **cavity**
84
**True (lesser) Pelvis **is bounded by?
**sacrum** & **coccyx** (posteriorly)
**inferior portions** of **ilium** & **ischium** (laterally)
**pubic bones** (anteriorly)
85
**Pelvic Axis**
an **imaginary line** that curves through true pelvis **from central point of plane of pelvic inlet** to **central point of plane of pelvic outlet. **
the route taken during childbirth by the baby's head as it descends through the pelvis.
86
**Pelves**
**Male **vs. **Female**
1) general structure
2) false (greater) pelvis
3) pelvic brim (inlet)
4) pubic arch
5) pubic outlet
**Males**
## Footnote
1) ** **bones are larger & heavier
2) deep
3) narrow & heart-shaped
4) less than 90°
5) narrower
**Females**
1) light & thin
2) shallow
3) wide & more oval
4) greater than 90°
5) wider
(more space in true pelvis)
87
longest, heaviest, and strongest bone in the body
Femur
88
**Lower Limbs **
**30 **bones in (4) locations
1) **femur **in thigh
2) **patella **(kneecap)
3) **tibia & fibula**
4) 7 **tarsals** in tarsus, 5 **metatarsals** in metatarsus, 14 **phalanges** in foot
89
Proximally, the head articulates with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_of the hip bone forming the **hip (coxal) joint **
acetabulum
90
distal to **head of femur**, common site of fracture
neck
91
Distally, the __ and ___ \_\_\_\_ articulate with the ___ of the __ forming the **knee joint **
**medial** and **lateral condyles **of the femur
**medial **and **lateral ****condyles **of the **tibia**
92
The **distal end **of the **femur **articulates with (2)
**tibia** & **patella**
93
Projections from the junction of the **neck** and **shaft **of the **femur** where large muscles attach
**Greater **and **lesser trochanter**
94
Between the **anterior surfaces** of the **trochanters** is a narrow? .
intertrochanteric line
95
** Intertrochanteric crest **of the femur
A ridge between posterior surfaces of the trochanters
96
** Gluteal tuberosity **
vertical ridge **inferior** to **intertrochanteric** **crest** on **posterior surface** of body of femur
97
**Gluteal Tuberosity **is a vertical ridge inferior to intertrochanteric crest on posterior surface of body of femur that blends into..
another vertical ridge called the **linea aspera **
98
**Gluteal tuberosity** and **linea aspera** -
both are?
attachment sites for the large hip muscle
99
**Intercondylar fossa** of femur
depression between the condyles on posterior surface
100
muscle site attachments for the knee muscles
**medial & lateral epidcondyles**
101
**Patella**
Largest \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_bone in the body
forms the ____ joint
sesamoid
**tibiofemoral** (knee) joint
102
**Patella **
a) superior surface
b) inferior, narrower surface
a) **base**
b) **apex**
103
What lines the posterior surface of the **patella?**
Thick articular cartilage
104
The thick articular cartilage lines that the posterior surface increases?
leverage of quadriceps femoris muscle
105
** Patellofemoral stress syndrome** - “runner’s knee”
Rather than normal tracking (gliding) of patella supeiorly & inferiorly in groove between femoral condyles, the patella tracks laterally as well as superiorly and inferiorly
this increased pressure on joint causing aching or tenderness around or under patella
106
The larger, medial weight-bearing bone of the leg
Tibia
107
Shin bone
Tibia
108
What attaches the patella to the **tibial tuberosity?**
patellar ligament
109
patellofemoral joint
between posterior surface of patella & patellar surface of femur
110
The **Patellofemoral **Joint is the intermediate component of the **?**
**tibiofemoral** (knee) joint
111
What part of the tibia articulates with the femur
lateral & medial condyles at proximal end
112
What part of the tibia articulates with the talus & fibula
distally, **medial malleolus **articulates with **talus **of ankle
**fibular notch **articulates with distal end of fibula to form **distal ****tibiofibular joint**
113
attachment site for the patellar ligament
tibial tuberosity of tibia
114
**Medial malleolus** of tibia
medial surface of distal end of tibia (medial surface of ankle joint)
115
smaller, laterally placed bone of the leg
non-weight bearing
**Fibula**
116
What forms the **proximal tibiofibular joint**
**head of fibula** (proximal end) & inferior surface of **lateral condyle **of **tibia**
117
What forms the **distal tibiofibular joint**
**fibular notch** of **tibia **& medial part of distal end of **fibula **
118
Lateral malleolus
- distal end of fibula
articulates with **tibia** and the **talus** at the ankle
119
7 tarsal bones
talus
calcaneus
navicular
cuboid
3 cuneiform bones (third/lateral, second/intermediate, first/medial)
120
Tarsals located in posterior part of foot
**talus **and **calcaneus **
121
most superior tarsal bone
articulates with?
**Talus**
articulates with the **fibula **and **tibia**
122
heel bone, largest & strongest
**calcaneus **
in posterior part of foot
123
Anterior tarsal bones (5)
navicular
third (lateral, second (intermediate), first (medial) cuneiform bones
cuboid
124
How many **metatarsals**?
How are they numbered?
each consists of?
5 **metatarsals**
I-V (medial to lateral)
base, shaft, head
125
1) Big toe
2) Ankle
1) Hallux
2) tarsus
126
Articulation between **talus **and **tibia **and **fibula**
on one side with **medial malleolus **of **tibia **
on the other side with **lateral malleolus **of **fibula**
127
The **talus **articulates on one side with **medial malleolus of tibia **and on the other side with** lateral malleolus of fibula **forming the?
## Footnote
**talocrural (ankle) **joint
128
**Arches of the Foot **
function?
support weight of body (the arches flex when body weight applied)
provide spring & leverage to foot when walking
129
(2) arches of the foot
1) longitudinal arch
1) transverse arch
130
(2) Parts of the **Longitudinal Arch**
1) medial part
2) lateral part
131
Flatfoot
arches decrease or "fall"
132
Clawfoot
too much arch due to various pathologies
133
Does the hyoid bone belong to the **appendicular** skeleton, **axial** skeleton, the **upper extremity** or the **skull** **?**
axial skeleton
134
Does the clavicle belong to the axial skeleton, the pectoral girdle, the pelvic girdle or the upper extremity?
pectoral girdle
135
Long ends of the bone are called?
epiphysis
136
The patella is part of the ___ skeleton
appendicular
137
What is an osteon?
a component of compact bone arranged in repeating structural units
also known as **Haversian Systems**
(building block of compact bone)
138
Define trabeculae
lamellae arranged in lattice of thin columns in spongy bone
(lamellae = concentric rings of calcified matrix)
139
What part of the rib articulates with the transverse process of a vertebra?
nonarticular part of tubercle
140
the most inferior portion of the sternum
xiphoid process
141
the difference between the sacral foramina and the sacral canal?
**sacral foramina** - openings on concave anterior & convex posterior side of sacrum
**sacral canal **- perpendicular to sacral foramina & is continuation of vertebral canal
142
second cervical vertebra
axis
143
A rib that attaches to the sternum by the cartilage of another rib has what name?
vertebrochondral ribs
144
What structures make up the vertebral arch?
2 pedicles unite with flat laminae
145
Which bone are the eyebrows superficial to?
frontal bone
146
What bone is found just **posterior** to the ethmoid bone in the orbit?
sphenoid bone
147
The **sella turcica** is found in what bone?
sphenoid bone
148
What are the two bony structures that make up the nasal septum?
**vomer **and **ethmoid bone**
149
The humerus fits into what specific part of the scapula?
glenoid cavity
150
What are the name of the condyles of the humerus?
lateral and medial epicondyles
**trochlea **and **capitulum**
151
What is the cuplike depression of the os coax into which the head of the femur fits?
acetabulum of hip bone
152
The carpal bone at the base of the thumb
trapezium
153
another name for the heel bone
calcaneus
154
How many bones are in the **ankle** vs. the number of bones in the **wrist**?
7 **tarsal **(ankle) bones
8 **carpal **(wrist) bones
155
