Chapter 9 - Joints Flashcards by aisha moustapha

structural classification of joints (3)

1) Fibrous
2) cartilaginous
3) synovial

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In these joints:

1) Fibrous

**2) cartilaginous **

**3) synovial **

bones are held together by?

1) dense collagen fibers
2) cartilage
3) ligaments

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functional classification of joints (3)

1) synarthrosis
2) amphiarthrosis
3) diarthrosis

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1) synarthrosis
2) amphiarthrosis
3) diarthrosis

1) immovable joint
2) slightly movable joint
3) freely movable joint

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**Fibrous Joints **

lack a ___ __

articulating bones are held together by?

synovial cavity

dense irregular connective tissue

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Movement in fibrous joints

permit little or no movement

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(3) types of fibrous joints

1) sutures
2) syndesmoses
3) interosseous membranes

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Joints that occur only between bones of the skull

Sutures

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Sutures

functional classification

immovable or slightly movable

(synarthrosis or amphiarthrosis)

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Syndesmoses

fibrous joint in which there is a greater distance b/w articulating surfaces & more dense irregular connective tissue (arranged as a bundle/ligament) than in a suture

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**Syndesmoses **

functional classification

**Amphiarthrosis **

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Examples of syndesmoses

distal tibiofibular joint (amphiarthrosis)

Gomphosis (cone-shaped peg fits into socket) - articulations between teeth & their sockets (synarthrosis)

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Interosseous Membrane

functional classification & examples

substantial sheet of dense irregular connective tissue binds neighbouring long bones

(amphiarthrosis - slight movement)

between radius and ulna

between tibia and fibula

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Gomphosis

immovable joint

Joint in which a cone-shaped peg fits into a socket Articulations of the teeth with sockets of maxillae and mandible

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Cartilaginous Joints

lacks a __ __

allows what kind of movement

joint is tightly connected by?

synovial cavity

allows little or no movement

connect by hyaline or fibrocartilage

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(2) types of cartilaginous joints

1) synchondroses
2) symphyses

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1) synchondroses

connecting tissue is?

Connecting tissue is hyaline cartilage

example: Epiphyseal (growth) plate

immovable (synarthrosis)

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2) Symphysis

Slightly movable joint

occurs at midline

Ends of articulating bones are covered with hyaline cartilage, but a disc of fibrocartilage connects bones

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Examples of Symphyses

**pubis symphysis **between anterior surface of hip bones

at junction of **manubrium **and body of sternum

intervertebral joints between vertebrae

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**Synovial Joints **

movement

held together by

Synovial cavity allows a joint to be freely movable

Ligaments hold bones together in a synovial joint

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Unique characteristic of Synovial Joints

presence of space called a **synovial (joint) cavity **between articulating bones

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Articular capsule

sleeve-like capsule that encloses synovial cavity

has (2) layers

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(2) layers of the articular capsule

1) outer **fibrous capsule **- dense irregular connective tissue attaches to periosteum
2) inner synovial membrane - areolar connective tissue with elastic fibers

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Synovial fluid

secreted by **synovial membrane **

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the **synovial fluid **secreted by the synovial membrane functions to ___ \_\_\_ by... (4)

Functions to reduce friction by: **lubricating** the joint * *absorbing** shocks * *supplying** **oxygen** and **nutrients** to the cartilage **removing** **carbon** **dioxide** & **metabolic** **wastes** from **cartilage **

Many synovial joints also contain **accessory ligaments ** examples?

anterior & posterior cruciate ligaments of the knee joint (**extracapsular** - outside articular capsule) (**intracapsular** - inside articular capsule) collateral ligaments of the knee joint (fibular & tibular)

Articular Disks (Menisci)

**crescent-shaped pads** of **fibrocartilage** attached to **fibrous** **capsule** between **articular** **surfaces** of bones inside some synovial joints

**Nerve and Blood Supply** ## Footnote Nerve endings: convey information about pain from __ to \_\_ __ and \_\_\_ Nerve endings respond to the degree of __ and __ at a joint Arterial branches from several different arteries merge around a joint before penetrating the ___ \_\_\_

**joint **to **spinal cord **and **brain** **movement **and **stretch** **articular capsule**

**Bursae ** what are they? where are they located?

Sac-like structures containing fluid similar to synovial fluid Located between **tendons, ligaments and bones **

Function of **Bursae**

cushion the movement of these body parts

**Tendon Sheaths **

tubelike bursae that wrap around certain tendons to reduce friction at joints

**Types of Movements at Synovial Joints ** (4) main categories

1) gliding 2) angular movements 3) rotation 4) special movements

Gliding

Simple movement back-and-forth and from side-to-side no signicant alteration of angle between bones limited in range

Example of articulation where **Gliding **Movement occurs

intercarpal & intertarsal joints

Simple movement back-and-forth and from side-to-side There is no significant alteration of the angle between the bones Limited in range

Gliding Movement

Angular movements

Increase or a decrease in the angle between articulating bones (7) types of **angular movements**

(7) types of **angular movements**

Flexion Extension Lateral flexion Hyperextension Abduction Adduction Circumduction

Decrease in the angle between articulating bones

Flexion

Example of **Flexion**

bending truck forward

example of **Flexion**

Increase in angle between articulating bones

**Extension**

opposite of flexion

entension

movement of trunk sideways to right or left at waist

Lateral Flexion

Continuation of extension beyond the normal extension

hyperextension

bending trunk backward

hyperextension

Movement of a bone away from the midline

abduction

Moving the humerus laterally at the shoulder joint

abduction

Movement of a bone toward the midline

adduction

Movement that returns body parts to normal position from abduction

adduction

movement of a body part in a circle

circumduction

Moving the humerus in a circle at the shoulder joint

circumduction

A bone revolves around its own longitudinal axis

rotation

Turning the head from side to side as when you shake your head “no”

rotation

(11) **special movements**

Elevation Depression Protraction Retraction Inversion Eversion Dorsiflexion Plantar flexion Supination Pronation Opposition

Upward movement of a part of the body

elevation

closing the mouth (lifting mandible)

example of **elevation**

Downward movement of a part of the body

Depression

opening mouth

example of **depression**

Movement of a part of the body anteriorly

Protraction

Thrusting the mandible outward

example of **protraction**

Movement of a protracted part of the body back to normal

**retraction**

Movement of the foot medially

Inversion

Movement of the sole laterally

Eversion

Bending of the foot at the ankle in an upward direction

Dorsiflexion

Bending of the foot at the ankle in an downward direction

Plantar flexion

Movement of the forearm so that the palm is turned upward

Supination

Movement of the forearm so that the palm is turned downward

Pronation

Movement of the thumb in which the thumb moves across the palm to touch the tips of the fingers on the same hand

Opposition

Synovial joints are classified based on type of \_\_\_

movement

Types of **synovial joints (6) **

planar hinge pivot condyloid saddle ball-and-socket

Primarily permit back-and-forth and side-to-side movements

Planar

Intercarpal joints

planar joint

Produce an angular, opening and closing motion Permit only flexion and extension

Hinge Joint

Knee & Elbow Joint

Hinge Joint

Surface of one bone articulates with a ring formed partly by another bone

Pivot

Joints that enable the palms to turn anteriorly and posteriorly

Pivot joints

projection of one bone fits into the oval-shaped depression of another bone

Condyloid joint

Wrist Joint

Condyloid

Articular surface of one bone is saddle-shaped, and the articular surface of the other bone fits into the “saddle”

Saddle Joint

Thumb Joint

Saddle Joint

Ball-like surface of one bone fitting into a cuplike depression of another bone

Ball-and-Socket Joint

Shoulder and Hip joint

Ball-and-socket joint

The articular surfaces of synovial joints contact one another and determine the type and possible __ \_\_\_ \_\_\_

range of motion

**Range of Motion **refers to?

the range, measured in degrees of a circle, through which the bones of a joint can be moved

Factors contribute to keeping the articular surfaces in contact and affect range of motion (6)

1) structure of shape of articulating bones 2) strength or tension of joint ligaments 3) arrangement & tension of muscles 4) contact of soft parts 5) hormones 6) disuse

1) structure of shape of articulating bones

Shape of bones determines how closely they fit together

2) strength or tension of joint ligaments

Ligaments are tense when the joint is in certain positions Tense ligaments restrict the range of motion & direct motion

3) arrangement & tension of muscles

Muscle tension reinforces the restraint placed on a joint by its ligaments , and thus restricts movement

## Footnote 4) contact of soft parts

The point at which one body surface contacts another may limit mobility Movement be restricted by the presence of adipose tissue

5) hormones

**Flexibility** may also be affected by hormones **Relaxin** increases the flexibility of **pubic symphysis** and loosens the ligaments between **sacrum** and **hip bone** toward the end of pregnancy

6) disuse

Movement may be restricted if a joint has not been used for an extended period

Selected Joints of the Body (5)

Temporomandibular joint Shoulder joint Elbow joint Hip joint Knee joint

** Temporomandibular joint ** type? formed by?

Combined **hinge** and **planar** joint formed by the **mandible** and the **temporal** bone Only movable joint between skull bones Only the mandible moves

**Shoulder joint ** type? formed by? movement?

**Ball-and-socket joint** formed by the **head** of the **humerus** and the **scapula** more freedom of movement thanany other joint of the body

** Elbow joint ** type? formed by?

**Hinge** joint formed by the **humerus**, the **ulna**, and the **radius **

** Hip joint ** type? formed by?

**Ball-and-socket** joint formed by the **femur** and the **hip** **bone **

** Knee joint ** type?

**Largest** and **most complex** joint of the body **Modified hinge** joint

Does the **gomphosis**, **suture**, **synchondrosis** or **hinge** joint have more movement?

hinge joint

Would a synovial, cartilaginous or fibrous joint have a meniscus?

synovial

What function does the labrum have in the glenohumeral joint?

deepen and enlarge glenoid cavity

What is the name of the type of joint found between the femur and the tibia?

**tibiofemoral **(knee) joint modified hinge joint

What structure secretes synovial fluid?

synovial membrane

What is the classification of the joint found between the first metacarpal and the proximal phalanx?

synovial (condyloid) - diarthrosis

Which type of joint is slightly movable and held together by fibrous connective tissue?

Syndesmoses