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:] > Chapter 1 Radiographic Positioning and Anatomy > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Radiographic Positioning and Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Define Anatomy

A

the study, classification, and description of the structure and organs of the human body

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2
Q

Define Physiology

A

the processes and functions of the body. How the body parts work

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3
Q

What is the structural organization from smallest to largest?

A
  • Chemical level
  • Atoms
  • Molecules
  • Cells
  • Tissues
  • Organs
  • Organ System
  • Organism
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4
Q

What is the smallest structural organization?

A

Chemical Level

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5
Q

Define Cells

A

The basic structure and functional unity of all living things

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6
Q

Define tissues

A

A group of similar cells that together perform a specific function.

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7
Q

What are the four types of tissues?

A
  • Epithelial
  • Connective
  • Muscular
  • Nervous
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8
Q

Define epithelial tissue

A

a tissue that covers internal and external surfaces of the body such as lining of the organs/ vessels, stomach or intestines

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9
Q

Define connective tissue

A

tissues that bind together and support different structures such as joints

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10
Q

Define Muscular tissue

A

tissues that make up muscles

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11
Q

Define Nervous tissue

A

tissues that make up the nerves of the nervous system and nerve centers

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12
Q

Define organs

A

a complex assembly of tissues that perform special functions.

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13
Q

What are some examples of organs?

A
  • Kidneys
  • Heart
  • Liver
  • Brain
  • Intestines
  • Bladder
  • Stomach
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14
Q

Define System

A
  • a group of organs that work together to perform a job or a task in the body.
  • consists of 10 body systems
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15
Q

Define organism

A

the 10 body structures that work together in one living being

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16
Q

Name the 10 body systems

A
  • integumentary
  • skeletal
  • muscular
  • endocrine
  • nervous
  • urinary
  • respiratory
  • circulatory
  • reproductive (male and female)
  • lymphatic
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17
Q

Define the skeletal system

A
  • plays a role in the body with bones
  • the most important for radiographers
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18
Q

how many bones does the human body have?

A

206 bones

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19
Q

define Osteology

A

the study of bones

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20
Q

define arthrology

A

the study of joints

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21
Q

what are the functions of the Skeletal System?

A
  • support and protect soft tissues of the body
  • allow movement through interaction with joints and muscles
  • to produce blood cells
  • to store calcium
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22
Q

Define the Circulatory System

A

consists of the heart, blood, and blood vessels

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23
Q

what does the circulatory system consist of?

A

cardiovascular organs and the lymphatic system

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24
Q

Define the lymphatic system

A

a system that keeps fluid circulating

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25
Q

what are the organs of the lymphatic system?

A

lymph nodes, lymph vessels, lymph glands, and spleen

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26
Q

true or false: the cardiovascular system includes the lymphatic system

A

True

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27
Q

What are the functions of the circulatory system?

A
  • distribute O2 and nutrients to the cell
  • carry off wastes and carbon dioxide
  • transport water, electrolytes, hormones, and enzymes
  • protect against disease
  • form blood clots
  • help regulate body temperature
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28
Q

Define the digestive system

A

includes the alimentary canal and certain accessory organs

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29
Q

define alimentary canal

A

made up on the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus

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30
Q

what are the accessory organs of the digestive system?

A

salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

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31
Q

What’s the function of the digestive system?

A
  • to prepare food for digestion
  • to eliminate waste
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32
Q

Define the respiratory system

A

composed of lungs and passages that connect the lungs to the outside atmosphere

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33
Q

What are the passages of the respiratory structure?

A
  • nose
  • mouth
  • larynx
  • pharynx
  • trachea
  • bronchial tree
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34
Q

what are the functions of the respiratory system?

A
  • supply O2 to the cells via the blood
  • eliminate CO2 from the blood
  • Help regulate the acid-base balance of the blood
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35
Q

Define the urinary system

A

includes organs that produce, collect, and eliminate urine

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36
Q

What are the organs of the urinary system?

A

Kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra

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37
Q

what are the functions of the urinary system?

A
  • regulate the chemical makeup of the blood
  • eliminate many waste products
  • regulate fluid and electrolyte balance and volume
  • maintain the acid-base balance of the body
38
Q

Define the nervous system

A

composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, ganglia, and special sense organs

39
Q

what are the special sense organs of the nervous system?

A

eyes and ears

40
Q

what is the function of the nervous system?

A

regulate body activities with electrical impulses that travel along various nerves

41
Q

Define the muscular system

A

all the muscle tissues of the body

42
Q

what are the three types of muscles?

A
  • Skeletal
  • Smooth
  • Cardiac
43
Q

define skeletal muscle

A

striated and under voluntary control

44
Q

define smooth muscle

A

walls of internal organs and involuntary control

45
Q

define cardiac muscle

A

only in the walls of the heart, is striated but involuntary

46
Q

what are the functions of the muscular system?

A
  • allow movement
  • maintain posture
  • produce heat
47
Q

define the endocrine system

A

system of all the ductless glands of the body

48
Q

What are the organs of the endocrine system?

A
  • testes
  • ovaries
  • pancreas
  • adrenals (fight or flight)
  • thymus
  • thyroid
  • parathyroid
  • pineal
  • pituitary
49
Q

what is the function of the endocrine system?

A

regulate various body activities through hormones carried by the cardiovascular system

50
Q

Define the integumentary system

A
  • skin and all the structures associated with the skin or derived from
  • includes the nails, oil glands, and sweat glands
51
Q

what is the largest organ of the body?

A

the skin

52
Q

what are the functions of the integumentary system?

A
  • regulate body temperature
  • protection
  • perspiration (sweat) and elimination
  • receive stimuli, pain, and feeling
  • Synthesize vitamin D
53
Q

define the axial skeleton

A

includes all the bones that lie on or near the central axis of the body

54
Q

how many bones are in the axial skeleton?

A

80 bones

55
Q

what bones are part of the axial skeleton?

A
  • skull
  • vertebral column
  • ribs
  • sternum
56
Q

define the appendicular skeleton

A
  • consist of all the bones of the upper limbs, lower limbs, shoulder, and pelvic girdle
  • attaches to the axial skeleton
57
Q

how many bones are in the appendicular skeleton?

A

126 bones

58
Q

define sesamoid bones

A
  • special type of small, imbedded bone in certain tendons
  • most common are located on the posterior foot
  • Ex. Patella
59
Q

What are the classification of bones?

A
  • long bones
  • short bones
  • flat bones
  • irregular bones
60
Q

what is an example of a long bone?

A

femur

61
Q

what is an example of a short bone?

A

carpal bones of the wrist

62
Q

what is an example of a flat bone?

A
  • ribs
  • sternum
63
Q

what is an example of an irregular bone?

A
  • pelvic bones
  • vertebrae
64
Q

define long bones

A
  • consist of a body, and two ends/extremities
  • found only in the appendicular skeleton
65
Q

define short bones

A
  • found in wrists and ankles
  • carpal bones of the wrist and tarsal bones of the foot
66
Q

define flat bones

A
  • provides protection for interior contents
  • broad surfaces for muscle attachment
67
Q

what are some examples of flat bones?

A
  • skull cap
  • sternum
  • ribs
  • scapulae
68
Q

what are some examples of irregular bones?

A
  • vertebrae
  • facial bones
  • pelvic bones
  • bones of the base of the cranium
69
Q

define ossification

A

the process in which bones form within the body

70
Q

what are the 2 types of ossification?

A
  • intramembranous
  • endochondral
71
Q

define intramembranous

A
  • when bones forms to replace cartilage
  • sutures of the skull
72
Q

define endochondral

A

it is much slower, and occurs most parts of the skeleton, especially in the long bones

73
Q

define diaphysis

A
  • occurs in the midbody area of the bone
  • also known as the primary
74
Q

define epiphysis

A
  • occurs in the ends of long bones
  • the first to appear and may be present at birth in a term newborn
  • also known as the secondary
74
Q

what are the 3 types of functional joints

A
  • Synarthrosis
  • Amphiarthrosis
  • Diarthrosis
75
Q

what are the 2 classifications of joints?

A
  • functional
  • structural
76
Q

define Synarthrosis

A

immovable/ no movement joint

77
Q

define Amphiarthrosis

A

joint with limited movement

78
Q

define Diarthrosis

A

freely movable joint

79
Q

what are the 3 types of structural joints?

A
  • Fibrous joint
  • cartilaginous joint
  • synovial joints
80
Q

define fibrous joints

A
  • syndesmosis
  • suture
  • gomphosis
81
Q

define cartilaginous joints

A
  • symphysis
  • synchondrosis
82
Q

define syndesmosis

A
  • joint held together by slender fibrous cords
  • slightly moveable (amphiarthrodial)
  • occur in the tibiofibula joint
  • occur in the carpal/tarsal joints of the wrist and foot
83
Q

define sutures

A
  • only found between bones in the skull
  • very limited movement as babies
  • no movement when adults
  • considered synarthrodial joints
84
Q

define gomphoses

A
  • only with the roots of the teeth
  • considered amphiarthrodial joint
85
Q

define Cartilaginous joints

A

lack joint activity and are held together tightly by cartilage

86
Q

define symphyses

A
  • a broad flattened disk of fibrocartilage between two contiguous bony surfaces
  • amphiarthrodial
87
Q

define fibrous joint

A

lack joint activity

88
Q

define synchondroses

A
  • temporary form of a joint wherein the hyaline cartilage is converted into a bone at adulthood
  • synarthrodial
89
Q

define synovial joints

A
  • freely moveable joints
  • occur in the upper and lower limbs
  • characterized by fibrous capsule that contains synovial fluid
90
Q

What are the 7 types of synovial joint movement?

A
  • plane
  • ginglymus (hinge)
  • Trochoid (pivot)
  • Ellipsoid (condylar)
  • sellar (saddle)
  • spheroidal (ball and joint)
  • bicondylar

:] (18 decks)

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