LRA-213 Chest (Ch. 2) Flashcards
(111 cards)
1
Q
what is the name of the upper portion of the trunk between the neck and abdomen?
A
chest/thorax
2
Q
what are the three sections of the chest?
A
- bony thorax
- respiratory system proper
- mediastinum
3
Q
what is the term used to describe parts of the chest, that consist of the lungs and the remaining thoracic organs contained in the mediastinum.
A
thoracic viscera
4
Q
what is the term that’s part of the skeletal system that provides a protective framework for the parts of the chest involved with breathing and blood circulation
A
bony thorax
5
Q
what structures of part of the bony thorax?
A
- thoracic viscera
- sternum
- clavicles (2)
- scapulae (2)
- ribs (12)
- thoracic vertebrae (12)
6
Q
what are the different parts of the sternum?
A
- manubrium
- body
- xiphoid process
7
Q
is the sternum posterior, or anterior of the bony thorax?
A
anterior
8
Q
what structure separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity?
A
diaphragm
9
Q
define respiration
A
the exchange of gaseous substances between the air we breathe and the bloodstream.
10
Q
what are the 4 general divisions of the respiratory system?
A
- pharynx
- trachea
- bronchi
- lungs
11
Q
define the respiratory system
A
parts of the body through which air passes as it travels from the nose and mouth into the lungs.
12
Q
what is the shape of the diaphragm?
A
dome-shaped
13
Q
what is the primary muscle of inspiration?
A
diaphragm
14
Q
what is the term when referring to the half of a diaphragm?
A
hemidiaphragm (hemi- meaning half)
15
Q
define inspiration
A
- taking in air through the nose, mouth, pharynx, trachea, and bronchi
- the diaphragm shrinks/tightens
- increases the volume of the thoracic cavity
- decreases the intrathoracic pressure (sucking)
- lungs fill with air
16
Q
define expiration
A
- releasing air through the nose, mouth, pharynx, trachea, and bronchi
- the diaphragm expands
- decreases the volume of the thoracic cavity
- increases the intrathoracic pressure (sucking)
- lungs empty out the air
17
Q
What structure serves as a passageway for food and fluids as well as air, making it common to the digestive and respiratory system?
A
pharynx
18
Q
true or false: air must pass the pharynx first before entering the rest of the respiratory system
A
true
19
Q
what are the 3 divisions of the pharynx?
A
- nasopharynx
- oropharynx
- laryngopharynx
20
Q
what structures make up the roof of the oral cavity?
A
- hard palate
- soft palate
21
Q
what structures does the oral palates separate?
A
the nose and the mouth
22
Q
define uvula
A
- lower posterior aspect of the soft palate
- marks the boundary between the nasopharynx and the oropharynx
23
Q
what’s the purpose of the epiglottis?
A
- act as a lid for the slanted opening of the larynx
- During the act of swallowing, the epiglottis flips down and covers the laryngeal opening, preventing food and fluid from entering the larynx and bronchi.
24
Q
what structure is part of the digestive system that connects the pharynx with the stomach?
A
esophagus
25
what is another name for the larynx?
voice box
26
what structure serves as an organ of voice?
larynx
27
how is sound made?
as air passes between the vocal cords in the larynx
28
what is the larynx surrounded by?
cartilage
29
what is the framework of the larynx?
cartilages, ligaments, and muscle
30
what is the largest and least mobile cartilage?
thyroid cartilage
31
what is the prominent anterior projection of the thyroid cartilage?
Adam's apple
32
what's another name for Adam's apple?
laryngeal prominence
33
what structure is a ring of cartilage that forms the inferior and posterior wall of the larynx?
cricoid cartilage
34
what other cartilage makes up the larynx?
epiglottis
35
what structure connects the larynx to the main bronchi
trachea
36
what's another name for trachea?
windpipe
37
how many shaped rings does the trachea have embedded?
16-20 c-rings
38
what's the purpose of the c-shaped rings on the trache?
to keep the airway open by preventing the trachea from collapsing during expiration
39
what divides the trachea from the left and right primary bronchi?
carina
40
where is the thyroid gland found?
- anteriorly in the neck region just below the thyroid cartilage
- the left and right lobes lying on each side of the trachea
41
what's a unique feature of the thyroid gland?
- air regulation of body metabolism
- regulate body growth and development
- lowering blood calcium levels
42
what's the shape of the parathyroid glands?
small/round glands
43
what's a unique feature of the parathyroid glands?
- These glands store and secrete hormones that aid in specific blood functions,
- maintenance of blood calcium levels by stimulating bone breakdown to increase calcium in the blood.
44
where are the parathyroid glands located?
- posterior surface of each lobe of the thyroid gland
- Usually, two parathyroids are attached to each lateral thyroid lobe (4 total)
45
where are the thymus glands located?
inferior to the thyroid gland
46
list the major arterial branches of the aortic arch
- brachiocephalic
- left common carotid
- left subclavian arteries
- superior vena cava
47
what specific prominence, or ridge, of the lowest tracheal cartilage marks the division of the trachea into the right and left bronchi
carina
48
what is another name for the right and left primary bronchi?
right/left main stem bronchi
49
which primary bronchi is wider, more vertical and shorter?
right primary bronchi
50
why is the size difference between the primary bronchi important?
food particles or other foreign objects that happen to enter the respiratory system are more likely to enter and lodge in the right bronchus.
51
how does the secondary bronchi differentiate from each other?
- right (primary) bronchi splits into 3 secondary bronchi
- left (primary) bronchi split into 2 secondary bronchi
52
how many lobes does the right lung have?
3
53
how many lobes does the left lung have?
2
54
what is the name of the branches that the secondary bronchi subdivide to?
- bronchioles
55
after the bronchioles, what does it branch off to?
terminal bronchioles
56
what are the small air sacs that stem off the terminal bronchioles?
alveoli
57
how many alveoli does the lungs contain?
500-700 million
58
Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the blood through the thin walls of the-
alveoli
59
what occurs in the alveoli?
O2 and CO2 are exchanged in the blood
60
what are parts of the respiratory system?
- pharynx
- esophagus
- larynx
- trachea
- thyroid gland
- parathyroid gland
- thymus gland
- bronchi
- lobes
- alveoli
- lungs
61
what separates the lobes in the lung?
deep fissures
62
list the lobes in the right lung
- superior
- middle
- inferior
63
list the lobes in the left lung
- superior
- inferior
64
how many fissures break up the right lung?
2
65
how many fissures break up the left lung?
1
66
define parenchyma
- light, spongy, highly elastic substance
- what the lung is made out of
67
what's the purpose of parenchyma?
- This substance allows for the breathing mechanism responsible for expansion and contraction of the lungs
- brings oxygen into and removes carbon dioxide from the blood through the thin walls of the alveoli.
68
Each lung is contained in a delicate double-walled sac, or membrane, called the-
pleura
69
define parietal pleura
The outer layer of this pleural sac lines the inner surface of the chest wall and diaphragm
70
pulmonary/visceral pleura
The inner layer that covers the surface of the lungs, also dipping into the fissures between the lobes
71
true or false: The potential space between the double-walled pleura, called the pleural cavity, contains a lubricating fluid that allows movement of one or the other during breathing
true
72
define pneumothorax
- Air or gas present in this pleural cavity
- which air or gas pressure in the pleural cavity may cause the lung to collapse
73
define hemothorax
Accumulation of blood in the pleural cavity
74
define pleural effusion
fluid within the cavity
75
define pericardial sac
double-walled sac that surrounds the heart
76
what is the name of the upper portion of the lung?
apex
77
what is the name of the lower/concave portion of the lung that rests on the diaphragm?
base
78
what is the name of the extreme outermost lower corner of each lung, where the diaphragm meets the ribs?
costophrenic angle
79
what is the name of the central area of the lung?
hilum
80
what is another name for hilum?
root
81
what is the term referring to the medial portion of the thoracic cavity between the lungs?
mediastinum
82
which structures are NOT mediastinum?
thyroid and parathyroid glands
83
is the thymus gland considered mediastinum?
yes
84
what 4 structures are located in the mediastinum?
- thymus gland
- heart and great vessels
- trachea
- esophagus
85
where is the thymus gland located?
behind the upper sternum
86
what is the function of the thymus?
- development of the immune system that helps the body resist disease
- essential to the growth and development of thymic lymphocytes or T cells
87
where is the heart located?
- posterior to the body of the sternum
- anterior to T5 and T8
88
what are the great vessels that are part of the mediastinum?
- inferior vena cava
- superior vena cava
- aorta
- large pulmonary arteries and veins
89
define the superior vena cava
large vein that returns blood to the heart from the upper half of the body
90
define the inferior vena cava
large vein that returns blood from the lower half of the body.
91
define aorta
largest artery in the body
92
what are the three parts of the aorta?
- ascending aorta
- aortic arch
- descending aorta
93
define pulmonary arteries and veins
- These supply blood and return blood to and from all segments of the lungs
- The capillary network surrounds the small air sacs, or alveoli, where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged with the blood through the thin-walled air sacs.
94
what is the thorax physique of someone who has a hypersthenic body habitus?
- thorax is very broad and very deep from the front and back
- shallow in vertical dimension
95
what is the thorax physique if someone who has an asthenic body habitus?
- thorax is narrow in width
- shallow from front to back
- very long in vertical dimension
96
what are the three dimensions that increase the volume of the chest during inspiration?
- vertical diameter
- transverse diameter
- anteroposterior diameter
97
define vertical diameter
increased primarily by contraction and downward movement of the diaphragm, increasing the thoracic volume.
98
define transverse diameter
The ribs swing outward and upward
99
define anteroposterior diameter
raising of the ribs, especially the second through sixth ribs.
100
what happens to the three dimensions when there is expiration?
the elastic recoil of the lungs, along with the weight of the thoracic walls, causes the three diameters of the thorax to return to normal
101
what landmark can you find in the jugular notch?
- midthorax
- T7
102
the xiphoid tip landmark allows you to find
T9-T10
103
the upper portion of the larynx is found at what level?
C3
104
the lower portion of the larynx is found at what level?
C6
105
the Adam's apple is found at what level?
C4-C5
106
the trachea is found at what level?
starts at C6, all the way down to T4 or T5
107
define sthenic
- averaged shaped physique
- 50% of the population
108
define hyposthenic
- slender than average
- 35% of the population
109
define hypersthenic
- broad frame compared to average
- 5% of the population
110
define asthenic
- very thin/slender with a long, narrow body build
- 10% of population
111
