Core - Ch. 20, 21, and 22 notes Flashcards
1
Q
define professionalism
A
the application of specialized knowledge for the benefit of others
2
Q
define morals
A
right or wrongs
3
Q
define values
A
priority placed on various moral concepts
4
Q
define ethics
A
- rules that apply values and moral standards of actions
- appropriate behavior
5
Q
Define Code of Ethics
A
- no bias
- protect patient’s right to protective care
- use care and discretion in decision making and accept responsibility for decisions
- protect everyone from radiation exposure
- patient’s privacy and confidentiality
- serve to improve knowledge and skills
- no use of illegal drugs
6
Q
what are the steps to analyze problems
A
- identify the problem
- develop alternative solutions
- select the best solution
- defend the solution (observe results and discuss for any improvements)
7
Q
define tort
A
a civil wrong committed by one individual against the person or property of another
8
Q
what is an example of a tort?
A
a patient suing their doctor for malpractice
9
Q
list the patient’s rights
A
- considerate and respectful care
- information
- privacy
- confidentiality
- informed consent
- right to refuse
- death with dignity
10
Q
what details need to be on a radiograph to identify the image?
A
- name
- date
- medical number
- institution identity
- correct markers (L or R)
11
Q
violations of local institutional standards means
A
failure to maintain proper credentials
12
Q
list intentional misconduct
A
- assault
- battery
- false imprisonment
- invasion of privacy/breach of confidentiality
- libel and slander
13
Q
define assault
A
the threat of touching in an injurious way
14
Q
what’s an example of assault?
A
“if you don’t do this, I am going to hit you”
15
Q
define battery
A
unlawful touching of a person without their consent
16
Q
what’s an example of battery?
A
- touching the femur, when the exam is for the shoulder
- doing an x-ray on the incorrect body part
17
Q
define false imprisonment
A
unjustifiable detention of a person against their will
18
Q
what’s an example of false imprisonment?
A
- locking the patient in the room
- when a patient needs to have their legs taped. after the exam is over, the radiographer does not release them, rather than untapping the legs immediately
19
Q
define libel
A
Malicious spreading of information that causes defamation of character or loss of reputation. Libel is written
20
Q
define slander
A
Malicious spreading of information that causes defamation of character or loss of reputation. Slander is verbal
21
Q
list unintentional misconduct
A
- malpractice
- negligence
- gross negligence
- contributory negligence
- corporate negligence
22
Q
define malpractice
A
when a patient in injured dur to error caused by the health provider
23
Q
what’s an example of malpractice
A
- error in diagnosis
- insufficient communication with the patient
24
Q
define negligence
A
Neglect or omission of reasonable care or caution.
25
what's an example of negligence
Two patient identifiers were not checked before beginning a procedure and the wrong patient was x-rayed.
26
define gross negligence
A negligent act that involves “reckless disregard for life or limb”
27
what's an example of gross negligence
performing professional services while intoxicated
28
define contributory negligence
which the behavior of the injured party contributed to the injury
29
what's an example of contributory negligence
A patient is injured in a fall after being instructed not to get up from a chair.
30
define corporate negligence
When the hospital as an entity is negligent
31
what's an example of corporate negligence
Health care worker suffers from hepatitis B after a needlestick because there is no established protocol in the organization to ensure reporting and treatment in this situation.
32
how can negligence be reduced?
- maintaining professional competence
- complying with workplace policies and procedures
- correct charting
- proper communication
- maintain patient confidentiality
- treat patient and co-workers with respect
- be cautious when performing procedures
33
define "res ipsa loquitur"
the thing speaks for itself
34
what's an example of "res ipsa loquitur"
the doctor amputates the wrong leg
35
define respondeat superior
- let the master respond
- the employer is liable for the actions of the employee
36
define borrowed servant
an employer is held liable for actions of a temporary employee
37
what are the 7 C's to prevent malpractice?
1. competence
2. compliance
3. charting
4. communication
5. confidentiality
6. courtesy
7. caution
38
how can one show professional behavior?
- practice self care
- neat, clean, professional appearance
- positive attitude
- team player
- maintain the work environment, including supplies and equipment
- acquire new skills and continue education
39
list professional communications
- non verbal
- verbal
- listening
- validating
40
how should one speak when in a stressful situation?
- speak slowly and clearly
- speak in a normal tone of voice
- be nonjudgemental
- remain calm
- make sure the listener understands you
41
how should one speak to patients?
- address by surname
- provide opportunities to make choices
- provide clear instructions
42
how should one communicate with coworkers?
- do not discuss patients and their medical information unless there is a need to know
- relay messages accurately and quickly
- respond to voice mail promptly
- send a cover sheet with all faxes
- contact fax recipient by phone prior to sending faxes with confidential imformation
43
how should one speak with people from different cultures?
- provide an interpreter as appropriate
- use demonstrations or sketches
- be considerate of differences related to touch and modesty
- remember that gestures such as nodding may have different meanings in different cultures
44
how should one speak to someone with hearing impairment?
- talk to the person
- get the patient's attention before speaking
- face the person, preferably with light on the face
- speak lower and louder
- speak clearly at a moderate pace
- avoid noisy background situations
- rephrase when you are not understood
- be patient
45
what are some signs that the patient is deaf?
* Does not respond to noises or words spoken out of the range of vision
* Uses lip movements without making a sound or speaks in a flat monotone
* Points to the ears and mouth while shaking the head in a negative motion
* Uses gestures or writing motions to express the need for paper and pencil
46
how can one aid a person with vision impairment?
- the patient listening to your footsteps and using a cane
- placing a hand on your shoulder
- arm around their waist while verbally reassuring them
- verbal explanations and reassure
- quick descriptions and obstacles in a room
- read written material for them
47
define aphasia
defect or loss of language function in which comprehension or expression of words is impaired as a result of injury to language centers of the brain
48
what are some alternative artificial speech devices that patient's use in order to communicate with others?
- handheld electrolarynx
- esophageal speech
- transesophageal puncture (TEP)
48
define electrolarynx
places on the external throat wall and operates by amplifying vibrations transmitted through tissues of the neck
49
define esophageal speech
- patient swallows air and regurgitates it
- low on volume
50
define transesophageal puncture (TEP)
a prosthesis is placed within the neck through a stoma
51
how should one speak to patients who are mentally impaired?
- clear, simple, and direct instructions
- may need to repeat instructions
- treat with respect and dignity
52
what are two points to remember about patients who are drowsy or in a stupor?
- they cannot be relied upon to remember instructions
- they are not responsible for their actions or answers
53
when can patients who lost consciousness respond appropriately?
when they regain consciousness
54
what are some factors that cause patients to react, respond, and cooperate when unconscious?
- injury
- illness
- medication
- alcohol
- drugs
55
An important factor that is frequently overlooked in hospitals is the ability of many patients to ____________________ that occurred while they were apparently unconscious
hear and remember conversations
56
it is important to refer to unconscious patients by ____________ them about your actions.
name and to reassure
57
what are the 5 stages of grief?
1. denial
2. anger
3. bargaining
4. depression
5. acceptance
58
define denial
the grieving person refuses to accept the truth and may refuse to discuss the possibility of loss or death.
59
define anger
- the person experiences the frustration of helplessness and a feeling of outrage at the apparent injustice of the loss.
- Rage may be vented on family, friends, and health care workers.
60
define bargaining
- the person seems to be attempting to earn forgiveness or mitigation of the loss by being “very good.
- "make this not happen, and in return I will ____"
61
define depression
depressed person is often acquiescent, quiet, and withdrawn, and may cry easily.
62
define acceptance
the person accepts the loss or impending death and deals with life and relationships on a more realistic, day-to-day basis.
63
define charting
the process of adding any information to a chart or to a document that will be incorporated into a chart
64
what does a patient's chart consist of?
- patient's history, diagnosis, and prognosis
- medications
- treatments
- laboratory results
- radiology reports
65
should factual or opiniated comments be charted on a patient's chart?
facts only
66
legal chart documents can either be
paper or computerized
67
entries to paper charts must be
- accurate, pertinent, and legible
- must include the date, time, and statement of what occurred
- signature of the person making the entry
68
what are some rules when filling out a paper chart?
- to delete any entry, draw a line through the error. Do not erase, scratch, or use white out
- always initial and date corrections
- never leave blanks. write N/A or 0
- never insert loose or gummed slips of paper
- always include the year when you are dating written materials
69
what are some details about radiographic images and their medical record?
- the images belong to the facility at which they were made
- depending on the state, images need to be kept for 5-7 years
- when requested, it can be loaned with a record kept of the borrower's name and address and the date loaned
70
what are some precautions that need to be taken when there is a fire
- ensure fuel, oxygen, and heat do not occur at the same time
- be familiar with the facility fire plan and know fire alarm and extinguisher locations
- keep doorways and corridors clear
71
what are some cases that can cause a fire?
- spontaneous combustion
- open flames
- cigarette smokers
- electricity
72
what must be done in case of a fire?
be calm and perform RACE
73
define RACE
R - Rescue: move patients to a safe area
A - Alarm: report the fire
C - Contain: close doors, and shut off oxygen
E - Evacuate/Extinguish: if the fire is small, put it out with an extinguisher. if the fire is not small, evacuate the area.
74
what are the different types of fires?
- Class A Fire
- Class B Fire
- Class C Fire
- Class D Fire
- Class K fire
75
remember to use an extinguisher appropriate to the _______
type of fire
76
When there is a fire, the acronym PASS is useful. What does PASS mean?
P - pull the pin
A - aim the nozzle at the base of the fire
S - squeeze the handle
S - sweep. use a sweeping motion from side to side to prevent the fire from spreading
77
what are some electrical safety rules?
- All electrical equipment and appliances must be approved for hospital use.
* Follow equipment manufacturers’ instructions.
* Equipment used on or near patients or near water must have grounded plugs.
* Inspect equipment regularly, paying attention to cords and plugs. Arrange for repairs as needed.
* Do not overload circuits by connecting too many devices to a single outlet or outlet group.
* Unplug or turn off electrical equipment before exposing internal parts.
* Do not attempt to repair equipment unless you are trained to do so.
* Use only extension cords approved for the intended purpose.
* In case of electrical fire, use a class C or carbon dioxide fire extinguisher.
78
what are some rules to avoid falls or collisions?
- keep walkways clear
- store items properly and use a step stool or ladder to reach high items
79
what steps need to be done when a spill has occurred?
* Limit access to the area.
* Evaluate the risks involved.
* Determine whether you have both the equipment and the expertise to clean up the spill safely.
* If you can proceed safely, clean up the spill immediately.
* If you lack the necessary skill or equipment, call your supervisor or the appropriate department.
80
define ergonomics
the study of the human body in relation to the working environment for the purpose of preventing injuries
81
define body mechanics
- The principles of proper body alignment, movement, and balance
- prevent body strains
82
what are the rules of body mechanics?
* Provide a broad base of support.
* Work at a comfortable height.
* When lifting, bend your knees and keep your back straight
* Keep your load well balanced and close to your body
* Roll or push a heavy object. Avoid pulling or lifting
83
what three concepts are essential to understand the principles of body mechanics?
1. base of support
2. center of gravity
3. line of gravity
84
using proper mechanics helps avoid:
- back strain
- shoulder strain
- rotator cuff tears
- neck injury
85
define base of support
the portion of the body that is in contact with the floor
86
define center of gravity
where weight is balanced. usually in the pelvic or abdomen area
87
define line of gravity
This is an imaginary vertical line passing through the center of gravity. The body is most stable when the line of gravity bisects the base of support.
88
define immobilization
methods preventing undesired motions during imaging procedures
89
what are some examples of immobilization?
- sandbags
- safety straps
- compression bands
- tape
90
what must be done if an accident has occurred?
report and write an incident report for any occurrence resulting in patient injury
91
define restraints
used to restrict patient movement to ensure safety
92
what are some examples of restraints?
- wrist/ankle bands
- vest with straps
93
an important thing about physical restraints is that-
they require a physician's order
94
define cycle of infection
the factors involved in the spread of disease
95
what factors are needed for infections to be transmitted in the cycle of infection?
- infectious organisms
- a reservoir of infection
- portal of exit
- susceptible host
- portal of entry
- a means of transporting the organism from the reservoir to the susceptible individual
96
what are different types of microorganisms?
- bacteria
- viruses
- protozoa
- prions
- fungus
97
define normal flora
Microorganisms that live on or inside the body without causing infections or diseases
98
define pathogens
Microorganisms that cause infections and diseases
99
define bacteria
- very small, single-celled organisms with a cell wall and an atypical nucleus that lacks a membrane
- asexual reproduction
- does not need a host to reproduce
100
define viruses
- smallest known disease-causing organisms
- cannot survive independently
- Require a host to reproduce
- can mutate rapidly, becoming resistant to drugs that originally effected them
101
what are some examples of bacteria?
- TB
- strep throat
- flesh eating bacteria
102
what are some examples of viruses?
- epstein barr virus
- varicella = chicken pox, shingles
103
define fungus
- occur as yeast or mold
104
define yeast
- a type of fungi that reproduces by forming buds
105
define mold
a type of fungi that reproduces by spore formation
106
what are some examples of fungus?
- athletes foot
- ringworm
107
define prions
- do not have DNA or RNA
- can transform health cells into prions
- originated from mad cow's disease, which can be spread to others when consuming infected meat
- resistant to the body's natural defenses
- can continue to multiply, causing neurologic damage
108
define protozoa
- complex single celled animals that generally exist as free-living organisms
- can be motile or nonmotile
- can infect the GT tract, genitourinary, respiratory, and circulatory systems -
109
what are some examples of protozoa?
amebiasis, giardiasis, trichomoniasis
110
define infectious organisms
- pathogenic organisms
- pathogens attach to their specific cell, excreting a protein (toxin) to kill or injure the host cell
- destroy RBC, WBC
- activate enzymes to spread infection through the body
- some carry virulence factors, which masks its identity to the host cell and resist destruction by the WBC
111
can normal flora be pathogenic?-
- if taking out of its designates area, yes.
ex.) E. coli is normal flora in the GI tract, but can become pathogenic if it enters the bladder
112
define reservoir of infection
- any place where pathogens can thrive in sufficient numbers to pose a threat.
- the environment must provide moisture, nutrients, and a suitable temperature, all of which are found in the human body
113
define portal of exit
any route through which blood, body fluids, excretions, or secretions leave the body
114
define susceptible host
- are patients who have a reduced natural resistance to infection
- weak immunity
115
define portal of entry
the route by which microorganisms gain access into the susceptible host
116
list the six main routes of transportation (for a pathogen)
- direct/indirect
- fomite
- vectors
- vehicles
- droplet
- airborne
117
define direct contact
- touched by an infected person
- kissing
- sexual intercourse
118
define fomite
an inanimate object that contains the disease
119
what is an example of fomites?
- IR
- bucky
- table
120
define vectors
- an arthropod who carries the disease
- an arthropod in whose body an infectious organism develops or multiplies before becoming infectious to a new host.
- Bites by infected insects can transmit diseases to humans.
121
what are examples of vectors?
- mosquitos that carry malaria
- ticks that carry Lyme disease
122
define vehicle
any medium that transports microorganisms
123
what are examples of vehicles?
- food
- water
- drugs
- blood
124
define droplet contamination
- an infectious individual coughs, sneezes, speaks, or sings in the vicinity of a susceptible host.
125
define airborne contamination
- dust that contains spores or droplet nuclei.
- They can remain suspended in the air for long periods -
- particles may be dispersed by air currents and may be inhaled by a susceptible host.
126
what are examples of droplets?
- influenza
- meningitis
- streptococcal pneumonia
127
what are some examples of airborne contamination?
- TB
- rubeola
- varicella
128
what is the route of transmission for Hep C?
contact with blood or blood products
129
what is the route of transmission for Hep A and E?
food and water contaminated with feces
130
what is the route of transmission for Hep B?
- contaminated blood, blood products, or needles
- body fluids such as saliva, semen, and vaginal secretions
131
which hepatitis is the most dangerous for health care workers, that they offer a vaccination for?
Hep B
132
define HAI
- hospital acquired infections
- also known as nosocomial infections
133
examples of HAI?
- contaminated hands
- contaminated instruments
- urinary catheters
134
what should be done when there is a needle stick incident?
- let it bleed under cold water and then wash with soap and water
135
what should be done when thereis a splash incident?
rinse with water
136
standard precautions in volves use of barriers to prevent contact with:
- blood
- body fluids, including wound drainage
- secretions and excretions
- nonintact skin
- mucous membranes
137
list the standard precautions to avoid pathogens
- hand hygiene
- use of PPE
- respiratory hygiene and cough etiquette
- sharps safety
- safe injection practices
- sterile instruments and devices
- clean and disinfected environmental surfaces
138
define asepsis
process of reducing the probability of transmission
139
what are some methods of medical asepsis?
- cleanliness or proper cleaning, linen handling, and handwashing
- disinfection
- sterilization
140
define disinfection
destruction of pathogens by chemical agents
141
define sterilization
treating items with heat, gas, or chemicals to make them germ free
142
hand hygiene should be performed before and after:
- work
- meals
- patient contact
- donning and removing gloves
- using the bathroom
143
how should one handle a contaminated linen?
- fold edges toward the middle and place in designated container
144
how should one handle a contaminated disposable item?
- use once only
- follow facility protocol for disposal
145
how should one handle waste?
place objects contaminated by blood or body fluid in a biohazard container
146
define sterile field
germ free area containing sterile supplies and equipment
147
how can one maintain sterile field?
- never reach across the field or pass between it and the physician
- never leave the sterile field unattended
- discard any items suspected of contamination
148
how does one remove a dressing?
- perform hand hygiene
- don gloves
- inform patient of procedure
- carefully remove dressing
- place soiled dressing in proper disposal container
- remove glass and perform hand hygiene
149
how does one apply a dressing?
- prepare needed materials
- inform patient of procedure
- perform hand hygiene
- open dressing package and add sterile dressing
- don gloves
- if appropriate, clean wound and allow to dry
- apply dressing and secure with tape
- dispose of waste properly
- remove gloves and repeat hand hygiene
150
what are some airborne precautions?
- using rooms with negative pressure and HEPA filtration
- ensuring the room has at least six air exchanges per hour
- hand hygiene
- wear a fit tested N-95 mask or higher before entering the room
- keep door closed
151
what are some droplet precautions?
- wearing a mask and eye protection before entering the room
152
what are some contact precautions?
- wear fluid resistant gown that covers the whole body
- wear gloves before entry
- remove gloves before exit of room
- use disposable equipment
- clean and disinfect reusable equipment
153
define history taking
provides new or updates patient information
154
information from history taking may include-
- nature of the problem
- onset
- duration
- specific location
- quality of pain
- factors that aggravate or alleviate condition
155
when examining the patient, observe for changes in:
- lip color, nail beds, and skin
- temperature and moistness of skin
- level of consciousness
156
list vital signs:
- temperature
- pulse
- respiration
- blood pressure
157
when is the temperature of a person the lowest, and when is the highest?
lowest - morning
highest - evening
158
what is the normal oral range temperature?
96.8-99.6 degrees Fahrenheit
159
what is the normal range for rectal temperature?
99.6-100.6 F
160
what is the normal range for axillary temperature?
96.6-98.6 F
161
which area is more accurate to check the patient's temperature?
rectal
162
what is the normal adult range of pulses?
60-100 BPM
163
what are common areas to look for pulses?
- radial artery
- carotid artery
- pedal artery
164
what is the normal adult range of respirations?
12-20 breaths/minute
165
what is the normal adult range for blood pressure?
120/80
166
define systolic
the top number for BP
- when heart contracts
167
define diastolic
the bottom number for BP
- when heart relaxes
168
define hypotension
low blood pressure
- 90/60
169
define hypertension
high blood pressure
170
what is the normal pressure range for diastolic?
50-90
171
what is the normal pressure range for systolic?
95-120
172
define suction
used when patient is unable to clear mouth and throat secretions, blood, or vomitus
173
before using a suction, make sure equipment:
- pump is working
- receptable is connected to pump
- adequate tubing connects suction catheter to pump
- assortment of disposable suction catheters available
174
define syncope
- fainting
175
how should one respond to someone in syncope/fainting?
- ease patient to recumbent position or Trendelenburg
- use spirits of ammonia if needed
176
define angina pectoris
chest pain due to the lack of blood supply to the heart
177
how should one respond to someone with angina pectoris?
- treat with nitroglycerin tablets
178
define myocardial infarction
heart attack
179
what does the patient feel during an MI?
- sudden pain in chest, left arm, or jaw
- may lead to cardiac arrest or stoppage of the heart
180
define CVA
- cerebro vascular accident
- stroke
181
what are symptoms of CVA?
- may be sudden or gradual onset
- may include headache, dizziness, muscle weakness, deviation of one eye, slurred speech
182
what are some warning signs of CVA?
- FAST
F - face droop
A- arm weakness
S - speech difficulty
T - time to call for emergency assistance
183
how can you evaluate a stroke?
- ask the patient to smile, say a simple sentence, or make them raise both arms to see if there is any falter in one arm
184
define asthma
difficult breathing caused by bronchospasm (constriction of bronchi)
185
how can asthma be treated?
treat with patient's inhaled bronchodilation medication
186
define bronchial obstruction
blockage of air passageways caused by a foreign object
- may lead to respiratory arrest or cessation of breathing
187
how can bronchial obstruction be treated?
treat with Heimlich maneuver
188
head trauma can result in-
- seizures
- loss of consciousness
- respiratory arrest caused by swelling or bleeding within the skull
189
what are some levels of consciousness when it comes to head trauma?
- alert and conscious
- drowsy but responsive
- unconscious but reactive to painful stimuli
- comatose
190
what should one do when dealing with a fracture?
- maintain gentle traction when positioning a fractured extremity
- support body part above and below fracture
191
what should one do when applying a new cast?
- use open hands to lift cast from underside
- observe fingers or toes for evidence of impaired circulation
192
what should one do when dealing with someone going through a seizure?
stay with the patient and protect from injury. do not try to restrain
193
what should one do when dealing with a drug reaction?
- may be moderate or severe
- treat according to presenting symptoms
194
what should one do when there is a diabetic emergency?
- if the patient is hyperglycemic, call physician, administer sugar free liquids if conscious
- if the patient is hypoglycemic, provide a small amount of of fruit juice or prepared glucose
195
define type 1 diabetes
- the body does not produce enough insulin
- can occur at the ages of 0-40
- an autoimmune disease
- requires insulin to live
196
what are some symptoms of type 1 diabetes?
- increased thirst and urination
- weight loss
- fatigue
- fruity smelling breath
- irritability
- blurred vision
- slow healing sores or frequent infections
197
are there any ways to prevent Type 1 diabetes?
- there is no way to prevent it
198
what are some treatments for type 1 diabetes?
- insulin injections
- blood sugar checks
- healthy eating and meal planning
- increase physical activity
199
define type 2 diabetes
- the body cannot use insulin properly
- usually ages 40+
- insulin resistance can lead to elevated blood sugars
200
what are some symptoms for type 2 diabetes?
- increased thirst and urination
- weight loss
- fatigue
- blurred vision
- slow healing sores or frequent infections
201
are there any ways to prevent type 2 diabetes?
can be prevented by eating healthy and staying active
202
what are some treatments for type 2 diabetes?
- healthy eating and meal planning
- increased physical activity
- oral medication may be needed
- blood sugar checks
- insulin injections (sometimes)
203
what should you first do when using an AED?
turn it on
204
what should you do when using an AED?
listen to all the instructions given
205
how deep should you press down when doing compressions to an adult and child?
2 inches
206
how deep should you press down when doing compressions to an infant?
1.5 inches
207
what should you do when person is unresponsive before performing CPR?
- call 911 and instruct someone to find an AED
208
how should compressions be performed when administering CPR?
- push 2 inches deep
- perform 30 compressions per minute
- tilt chin up and place hand on forehead
- pinch their nose, and cover their mouth with yours
- check the chest rising for every breathing you give
- repeat cycle
209
what should you do when someone is hyperventilating?
- tell them to breathe slowly
- let them breath into a paper bag
210
define vertigo
dizziness
211
define postural hypotension
when blood pressure drops when you stand up from laying down or sitting up, causing instant dizziness
212
what should one do when the patient faces vertigo or postural hypotension?
support the patient
213
define epistaxis
nose bleed
214
what should one do when the patient has epistaxis?
squeeze the nasal septum for 10 seconds
215
what should one do when the patient is nauseous or vomiting?
have patient take short, rapid/long, slow and deep breaths through the mouth
216
define anapylaxis
severe allergic reaction
217
what are the symptoms of anaphylaxis in the lungs?
- coughing
- shortness of breath
- wheezing
- chest pain
- difficulty swallowing
218
what are the symptoms of anaphylaxis on the skin?
- hives
- swelling
- itchiness
- widespread redness
219
what are the symptoms of anaphylaxis in the stomach?
- nausea
- vomiting
- diarrhea
- stomach pain/cramps
220
what are the symptoms of anaphylaxis in the heart?
- faint
- pale or blue color
- dizziness
- weak pulse
- shock
- loss of consciousness
221
what are the symptoms of anaphylaxis in the brain?
- anxiety
- confusion
- headache
- feeling that something is about to happen
222
define erythema
redness of the skin
223
define cyanosis
- blue pigment of the skin
- lack of O2
224
define rickets
- vitamin D, calcium, or phosphate deficiency
- affect the bones to become very weak
225
define paget's disease
chronic bone disorder that causes the bones to become very weak
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what are different types of shock?
- hypovolemic/hemorrhagic
- septic
- cardiogenic
- neurogenic
- anaphylactic
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define hypovolemic/hemorrhagic shock
decreased volume of water, whole blood, or plasma
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what causes hypovolemic/hemorrhagic shock?
- hemorrhage
- burns
- dehydration
- diabetes
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define septic shock
- systemic infection that leads to multiple organ dysfunction, decreased organ perfusion, and hypotension
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what causes septic shock?
- gram-negative bacteria
- malnutrition
- alcohol abuse
- surgery
- multiple blood transfusions
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define cardiogenic shock
- cardiac output is insufficient to meet metabolic needs
- results in inadequate tissue perfusion
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what causes cardiogenic shock?
- MI
- congestive heart failure
- massive pulmonary embolus
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define neurogenic shock
damage to the spinal cord that inhibits transmission of neural stimuli
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what causes neurogenic shock?
- spinal cord injury
- autonomic nervous systems toxins
- spinal anesthesia
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what causes anaphylactic shock?
food, insect bites, and medication
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define diaphoresis
excessive sweating/perspiration
- cold sweats
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define uticaria
bumps that break out with allergic reaction
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define BMI
body mass index
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what is the normal BMI range?
18.5-24.9
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what causes diaphoresis
- anxiety
- shock
- syncope
- hypoglycemia
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define a transverse fracture
a horizontal fracture of a bone
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define linear fracture
a vertical fracture of the bone
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define oblique non-displaced fracture
a broken bone where the pieces are still aligned and haven't moved too far out of place.
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define oblique displaced fracture
a diagonal break in a bone where the ends are not aligned.
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define a spiral fracture
bone is broken with a twisting motion. They create a fracture line that wraps around your bone and looks like a corkscrew.
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define greenstick fracture
- a partially broken bone
- incomplete fracture
- broken only on one side
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define comminuted fracture
- broken bone that is in several pieces
- bone can stick out through the skin
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how much should the kVp increase when the cast is small to medium plaster
increase 5-7 kVp
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how much should the kVp increase when the cast is a large plaster cast
increase 8-10 kVp
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how much should the kVp increase when the cast is a fiberglass cast
increase 3-4 kVp
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how much should the kVp increase when the cast is wet plaster?
increase 8-10 kVp
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how much should the kVp increase when the cast is dry plaster?
increase 5-7 kVp
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define foosh injury
falling on outstretched hands
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what are the common types of foosh injuries?
- smitch fracture
- die-punch fracture
- chauffeur fracture
- colles fracture
- bartons fracture
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what are the different types of paralysis?
- monoplegia
- hemiplegia
- paraplegia
- quadriplegia
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define monoplegia
affects only one arm or leg
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define hemiplegia
affects one arm and one leg on the same side of the body
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define paraplegia
affects both of the legs
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define quadriplegia
affects both arms and legs
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define analgesics
pain killers
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define opiods
a drug used to reduce moderate to severe pain
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list some examples of opiods
- oxycodone
- hydrocodone
- morphine
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what is diphenhydramine
- benadryl
- used for allergic reactions
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what are the types of injections?
- subcutaneous injection
- intramuscular injection
- intravenous injection
- intraosseous injection
- intradermal injection
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define subcutaneous injection
- delivering medication into the layer of fat just under the skin
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what angle is SC (subcutaneous) done?
45 degrees
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define intramuscular injection
delivers medication in the muscle
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what angle is IM (intramuscular) done?
90 degrees
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define intravenous injection
delivers medication directly to the veins
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what angle is IV done?
25 degrees
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define intraosseous injection
delivers medication into the bone marrow
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define intradermal injection
delivers mediation in between the layers of the skin
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what angle is intradermal done?
10-15 degrees
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what are potential implications of injections?
- infection
- reaction
- pain
- administration error
- needlestick injury
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how can we safely administer injections?
- good hand hygiene
- clean environment
- prepare medications in clean conditions
- special skin cleaning
-immediately dispose needles in designated sharps container
- look out for any reactions/side effects
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define parenteral nutrition
- a method of delivering nutrients directly into a vein to treat malnutrition
- directly inject a specific body part without "guessing" if the correct spot was pierced
