Chapter 10

Question 1

The state where one is barely able, or unable, to afford basic necessities

Answer 1

absolute poverty

Question 2

the ability to define one’s goals and act on them; used as a variable to measure inequality

Answer 2

agency

Question 3

A global countermovement based on principles of environmental sustainability, food sovereignty, labour rights, and democratic accountability that challenges the corporate model of globalization

Answer 3

anti-globalization movement

Question 4

A labour market divided into a core of relatively stable, well-paid jobs and a periphery of casual, precarious, and low-cost labour

Answer 4

bifurcated labour system

Question 5

The movement (flight) of capital from one nation to another, via jobs and resources

Answer 5

capital flight

Question 6

A form of slavery in which one person owns another

Answer 6

chattel slavery

Question 7

The transformation in the transportation and trade of goods brought about by the use of container ships

Answer 7

containerization

Question 8

A form of domination in which a state or state sponsored group exercises direct control over the territory and inhabitants of another society

Answer 8

colonialism

Question 9

The widespread exchange of plants, animals, foods, human populations, communicable diseases, and culture between the Eastern and Western hemispheres beginning in the 16th century

Answer 9

Columbian Exchange

Question 10

Dominant capitalist countries

Answer 10

core nations

Question 11

A social condition or setting of social and cultural diversity in which a multiplicity of ideas, traditions and customs intermingle

Answer 11

cosmopolitanism

Question 12

The buildup of external debt, wherein countries borrow money from other nations to fund their expansion or growth goals

Answer 12

debt accumulation

Question 13

When people pledge themselves as servants in exchange for money for passage and are subsequently paid too little to regain their freedom

Answer 13

debt bondage

Question 14

The process whereby former colonies attain formal political self-determination and independence from colonial powers

Answer 14

decolonization

Question 15

The loss of industrial production, usually to peripheral and semi-peripheral nations where the costs are lower

Answer 15

deindustrialization

Question 16

Theory stating that global inequity is due to the exploitation of peripheral and semi-peripheral nations by core nations

Answer 16

dependency theory

Question 17

The process whereby day-to-day life is increasingly less informed by traditions or the ways of life passed down in local cultural and ecological contexts

Answer 17

de-traditionalization

Question 18

The process in which day to day life is no longer completely embedded in local, micro-level interactions but becomes coordinated and organized on a global basis

Answer 18

disembedding

Question 19

Advanced systems of knowledge and practice required to run the complex institutional arrangements and technological systems of contemporary societies

Answer 19

expert system

Question 20

A form of colonialism in which the focus is on the extraction of wealth (rather than settlement)

Answer 20

exploitative colonialism

Question 21

A form of identity formation defined by the drive to find one’s “self” and to express one’s unique individuality, even in the face of resistance

Answer 21

expressive individualism

Question 22

19th century-1914

Answer 22

first wave of globalization

Question 23

A term from the Cold War era that is used to describe industrialized capitalist democracies

Answer 23

first world

Question 24

A term that describes stigmatized minority groups who have no voice or representation on the world stage

Answer 24

fourth world

Question 25

A practice where products are designed, manufactured, and assembled in different international locations

Answer 25

global assembly lines

Question 26

The extension of the capitalist mode of production to the entire world

Answer 26

global capitalism

Question 27

Analytical framework that the development of global capitalism takes place less in the context of national economies and more in the context of global flows of capital investment in an increasingly integrated world market

Answer 27

global capitalism theory

Question 28

Internationally integrated economic links that connect workers and corporations around the world for the purpose of manufacture, distribution, and marketing

Answer 28

global commodity chains

Question 29

A global pattern in which women increasingly bear a disproportionate percentage of the burden of poverty

Answer 29

global feminization of poverty

Question 30

The concentration of resources in core nations and in the hands of a wealthy minority

Answer 30

global inequality

Question 31

The study of structures and processes that extend beyond the boundaries of states or specific societies

Answer 31

global level of analysis

Question 32

The unequal distribution of resources between countries

Answer 32

global stratification

Question 33

The processes of increasing integration and interconnection which incorporate people across the world into a single world society

Answer 33

globalization

Question 34

the market value of all goods and services produced within a country in a given time period

Answer 34

gross domestic product (GDP)

Question 35

The income of a nation calculated based on domestic goods and services produced, plus income earned by citizens and corporations headquartered in that country

Answer 35

gross national income (GNI)

Question 36

Features that define the common culture of global society

Answer 36

late modernity

Question 37

The relationship between core and peripheral countries in which resources of the hinterlands are shipped to the metropolises to be converted into manufactured goods and then shipped back to the hinterlands for consumption

Answer 37

metropolis-hinterland relationship

Question 38

A theory that low-income countries can improve their global economic standing by industrialization of infrastructure and a shift in cultural attitudes toward work

Answer 38

modernization theory

Question 39

A corporation whose ownership and operations span multiple nation-states

Answer 39

multinational corporation

Question 40

The continued socio-economic and political dominance of external political and economic agents in former colonies

Answer 40

neo-colonialism

Question 41

A set of policies in which the state reduces its role in providing public services, regulating industry, redistributing wealth, and protecting the commons while advocating the use of free market mechanisms to regulate society

Answer 41

neo-liberalism

Question 42

The emergence of group identities that provide individuals with a means of distinguishing themselves from others in the context of global diversity and cosmopolitanism

Answer 42

new tribalism

Question 43

A system where an employer compels a worker to pay off a debt with work

Answer 43

peonage

Question 44

Nations on the fringes of the global economy, dominated by core nations, with very little industrialization

Answer 44

peripheral nations

Question 45

the initial stage of capitalist accumulation in which people are separated from a territory and its resources, and subjected to forms of unfree labour, expropriation of land and destruction of self-determining communities

Answer 45

primitive accumulation

Question 46

A stance of contemporary individuality and institutional life that involves (a) continuous monitoring of activities and performance to assess effectiveness and future risks, and (b) a readiness to modify understandings and practices in response to new information

Answer 46

reflexivity

Question 47

The state of poverty where one is unable to live the lifestyle of the average person in the country

Answer 47

relative poverty

Question 48

A characteristic trade off in late modern society between trust in expert systems to manage collective risks and threats, and the recognition of the fallibility of expert systems

Answer 48

risk/trust dilemma

Question 49

Interventions designed to reduce the likelihood of undesirable events occurring based on an assessment of probabilities of risk

Answer 49

risk management

Question 50

1945-1989

Answer 50

second wave of globalization

Question 51

A term from the Cold War era that describes nations with moderate economies and standards of living

Answer 51

second world

Question 52

In-between nations, not powerful enough to dictate policy but acting as a major source of raw materials and providing an expanding middle class marketplace

Answer 52

semi-peripheral nations

Question 53

A form of colonialism focused on permanent settlement and corresponding displacement of Indigenous Peoples and societies

Answer 53

settler colonialism

Question 54

The system by which the world is divided up into separate and indivisible sovereign territories or states

Answer 54

sovereign state system

Question 55

The political form in which a single, central, supreme lawmaking authority governs within a clearly demarcated territory

Answer 55

sovereignty

Question 56

A state of poverty subjectively present when one’s actual income does not meet one’s expectations

Answer 56

subjective poverty

Question 57

Sectors of the global labour market who are of no direct use to capitalism and obliged to sustain themselves precariously in informal sectors of the economy

Answer 57

surplus humanity

Question 58

The principle that territory and economic resources that are not being effectively utilized by an indigenous population could legitimately be expropriated and developed by a superior invading nation

Answer 58

Terra Nullius

Question 59

The spread of automation, computation, instantaneous communication, and digitization through the use of electronics, computers and internet

Answer 59

third industrial revolution

Question 60

1989–present

Answer 60

third wave of globalization

Question 61

A term from the Cold War era that refers to poor, non-industrialized countries

Answer 61

third world

Question 62

A network of owners of capital who are distributed around the world and focused on international markets, rather than their home markets, for investment and capital accumulation

Answer 62

transnational capitalist class

Question 63

An unregulated economy of labour and goods that operates outside of governance, regulatory systems, or human protections

Answer 63

underground economy

Question 64

Analytical framework which conceptualizes a single world-system operating as a global division of labour, divided between multiple states, which redistributes surplus value from the periphery to the core

Answer 64

world systems theory

Question 65

An irrational fear and even hatred of foreigners and foreign goods

Answer 65

xenophobia