Chapter 16

Question 1

A global society in which digital platforms and their proprietary algorithms organize the social distribution of attention and information

Answer 1

algorithmic society

Question 2

The process by which an audience receives and decodes media messages

Answer 2

audience reception

Question 3

A quality of charismatic authority based on the perceived sincerity, “realness” or truth of their messages

Answer 3

authenticity

Question 4

The influence of a form of communication on the organization of society

Answer 4

bias of communication

Question 5

A set of instructions for how to assemble signifying elements into a message that communicates meaning and makes sense to an audience

Answer 5

code

Question 6

The ability to locate oneself within a meaningful whole or mental map of the social world

Answer 6

cognitive mapping

Question 7

The shared beliefs, morals, attitudes or mental life of a society

Answer 7

collective conscience

Question 8

The meanings, symbols, concepts, categories, and images shared by a social collectivity

Answer 8

collective representations

Question 9

The collection of media corporations and commercial enterprises that produce standardized cultural goods — films, radio programmes, TV, pop music, magazines, etc. — that are used to transform audiences into a mass of passive consumers

Answer 9

culture industry

Question 10

The process whereby an audience actively interprets or deciphers the meaning of a media text or representation

Answer 10

decoding

Question 11

The uneven access to technology around race, class, and geographic lines

Answer 11

digital divide

Question 12

Computer mediated communication networks

Answer 12

digital media

Question 13

The standpoint of a media audience member who interprets a media text in terms of the dominant or preferred meanings of society

Answer 13

dominant‐hegemonic position

Question 14

A social media environment in which a person only see beliefs or opinions that align with their own, so that their existing views are reinforced or uncritically confirmed back to them and exposure to alternative ideas is inhibited

Answer 14

echo chamber

Question 15

The process whereby events or raw reality depicted in a representation are turned into messages that convey specific cultural meanings

Answer 15

encoding

Question 16

A social media condition created by algorithms that personalize or filter an individual’s online experience in which users encounter only information and opinions that align with and confirm their existing beliefs

Answer 16

filter bubble

Question 17

The watchdog role of the professional news media that monitors the government of society by exposing excesses and corruption, and holding those in power accountable

Answer 17

fourth estate

Question 18

The condtion in which members of a society no longer share a single, unified universe of meaning and understanding

Answer 18

fragmentation of knowledge

Question 19

The sorting process by which thousands of possible messages are shaped into a mass media — appropriate form and reduced to a manageable amount

Answer 19

gatekeeping

Question 20

Overarching narratives of that give order, meaning and direction to a society

Answer 20

grand narratives

Question 21

A set of ideas that conceal, distort, or justify power relations in a society

Answer 21

ideology

Question 22

The critical practice of revealing, analyzing, and challenging the underlying ideological assumptions of social discourses

Answer 22

ideology critique

Question 23

An authority able to filter, interpret, and explain media messages to an audience

Answer 23

influencer

Question 24

A form of social media marketing that involves product placements and endorsements from online personalities who use their social media following as a ready made and motivated market

Answer 24

influencer marketing

Question 25

An information management system in which one component is not able to freely communicate or share information with another component

Answer 25

information silo

Question 26

A society in which the sources of economic productivity and political power are based on new information technologies (e.g., micro-electronic computation, digital communications technologies, genetic engineering) and the generation, processing, and transformation of information

Answer 26

information society

Question 27

The gap in information that develops through unequal access to digital technology

Answer 27

knowledge gap

Question 28

The unrecognized or unintended consequences of a social process

Answer 28

latent functions

Question 29

A large and disperse group, lacking self-awareness and self-identity, whose members are largely unknown to one another, and who are incapable of acting together in a concerted way to achieve objectives

Answer 29

mass

Question 30

Forms of communication like newspapers, radio, television, social media platforms, that pass from from a centralized location to the masses

Answer 30

mass media

Question 31

All print, digital, and electronic means of communication

Answer 31

media

Question 32

A prejudice in favour of a particular viewpoint in the selection of the events and stories that are reported and how they are covered

Answer 32

media bias

Question 33

The outcomes of a causal relationship between media content and audience behaviour

Answer 33

media effects

Question 34

Mechanisms like ideology, sourcing, and flak in which media messages are crafted to present and support the interests of dominant groups in society

Answer 34

media filters

Question 35

The mediated environment of a society based on the circulation of media images, messages, news stories, and representations

Answer 35

mediascape

Question 36

A means or channel of communication

Answer 36

medium

Question 37

When people are too overwhelmed with media input to really care about the issue, their involvement becomes defined by awareness instead of by action about the issue at hand

Answer 37

narcotizing dysfunction

Question 38

The standpoint of a media audience member who interprets a media text in terms of the dominant or preferred meanings of society but makes exceptions to the dominant interpretation based on specific situations or local conditions

Answer 38

negotiated position

Question 39

The combined economic activity of communication infrastructure companies, digital and traditional media, and internet application companies

Answer 39

network media economy

Question 40

All interactive forms of information exchange

Answer 40

new media

Question 41

The standpoint of a media audience member who interprets a media text by rejecting the dominant or preferred meanings of society and replacing them with a set of oppositional meanings or alternative frame of reference

Answer 41

oppositional position

Question 42

A form of constant monitoring from centralized observation posts in which the the observed is never communicated with directly

Answer 42

panoptic surveillance

Question 43

One-sided relationships between celebrities and audiences in which the celebrity remains unaware of their impact on fans, while fans dedicate significant time and energy in getting to know the celebrity

Answer 43

parasocial

Question 44

A website or application that enables two or more individuals or groups to interact

Answer 44

platform

Question 45

A form of capital accumulation in which value and competitive advantage are extracted from the data of platform users

Answer 45

platform capitalism

Question 46

A framework for understanding the role of the media as means of manufacturing consent to the rule of powerful corporate interests

Answer 46

propaganda model

Question 47

An open democratic space for public debate and deliberation

Answer 47

public sphere

Question 48

The use of signs and symbols to stand in for referents: experiences, events, things, ideas, and people, for example

Answer 48

representations

Question 49

The art of using language to persuade or influence others

Answer 49

rhetoric

Question 50

The blurring of the boundaries between reality and representation through the creation, dissemination, and consumption of models of reality

Answer 50

simulation

Question 51

The way in which an understanding of what is real is created through human interaction and communication with others

Answer 51

social construction of reality

Question 52

The regulation and enforcement of norms

Answer 52

social control

Question 53

An arrangement of regular, predictable practices and behaviours on which society’s members base their daily lives and expectations

Answer 53

social order

Question 54

The degree to which a group of people cohere or are bound together through shared consciousness, qualities or social ties

Answer 54

social solidarity

Question 55

Forms of communication using impermanent but easily transportable materials like paper or papyrus that are suited to transmission of messages over distances

Answer 55

space-biased media

Question 56

A reconfiguration of space through digitally mediated linkages and continuous flows of information that bypass traditional geographical, state and institutional boundaries

Answer 56

space of flows

Question 57

Oversimplified ideas about groups of people based on rigid generalizations

Answer 57

stereotypes

Question 58

Forms of communication using durable materials like clay tablets, carved stone or pictographs that sustain a consistent message through time

Answer 58

time-biased media

Question 59

The degree to which the sequencing of time into a clearly demarcated succession of past, present and future is eliminated through the use of instantaneous media communication technologies

Answer 59

timeless time

Question 60

A communication model in which the effectiveness of the message is enabled by an influential intermediary between the sender of a message and the audience

Answer 60

two-step flow of information

Question 61

An organization structure in which a corporation owns different businesses within the same chain of production and distribution

Answer 61

vertical integration

Question 62

The quality of having the attributes of something without sharing its real or imagined physical form

Answer 62

virtuality