Chapter 7

Question 1

A collection of people who exist in the same place at the same time, but who do not interact or share a sense of identity

Answer 1

aggregate

Question 2

A leader who issues orders and demands compliance from subordinates

Answer 2

authoritarian leader

Question 3

A formal organization characterized by a hierarchy of authority, a clear division of labour, explicit rules, impersonality and meritocracy

Answer 3

bureaucracy

Question 4

People who share similar characteristics but who are not otherwise socially connected

Answer 4

category

Question 5

Organization that people do not voluntarily join, such as prison or a mental hospital

Answer 5

coercive organization

Question 6

The elevated feeling experienced by individuals when they come together as a group

Answer 6

collective effervescence

Question 7

The extent to which an individual complies with group or societal norms

Answer 7

conformity

Question 8

The specific drives, needs, purposes, or interests of individuals that motivate them to interact with others

Answer 8

contents

Question 9

The group of close, personal contacts with whom one confides on personal matters and with whom one chooses to spend free time

Answer 9

core discussion group

Question 10

A leader who encourages group participation and consensus-building before acting

Answer 10

democratic leader

Question 11

Organizational structure in which each individual has a specialized task to perform

Answer 11

division of labour

Question 12

A two-member group

Answer 12

dyad

Question 13

Rules that are explicitly stated, written down, and standardized

Answer 13

explicit rules

Question 14

A group function that serves an emotional need

Answer 14

expressive function

Question 15

A leader who is concerned with process and with ensuring everyone’s emotional well-being

Answer 15

expressive leader

Question 16

Large, impersonal organizations

Answer 16

formal organizations

Question 17

The study of how specific social contents are organized into regular patterns of social coordination

Answer 17

formal sociology

Question 18

The patterns of behaviour that guide or regulate individuals’ actions in different social settings

Answer 18

forms

Question 19

An invisible barrier that prevents women from achieving positions of leadership

Answer 19

glass ceiling

Question 20

Any collection of at least two people who interact with some frequency and who share a sense that their identity is aligned with the group

Answer 20

group

Question 21

The tendency to conform to the attitudes and beliefs of the group despite individual misgivings

Answer 21

groupthink

Question 22

A clear chain of command

Answer 22

hierarchy of authority

Question 23

An abstract model of a recurring social phenomenon that describes the form and logical relation of components

Answer 23

ideal type

Question 24

The absence of personal feelings in the conduct of organizational tasks

Answer 24

impersonality

Question 25

A group a person belongs to and feels is an integral part of their identity

Answer 25

in-group

Question 26

A group function that serves achieving a task or goal efficiently and effectively

Answer 26

instrumental function

Question 27

A leader who is goal oriented with a primary focus on accomplishing tasks

Answer 27

instrumental leader

Question 28

The theory that an organization is ruled by a few elites rather than through collaboration

Answer 28

iron law of oligarchy

Question 29

A hands-off leader who allows members of the group to make their own decisions

Answer 29

laissez-faire leader

Question 30

The role of the leader in determining how an organization decides what its goals are and how it will attain them

Answer 30

leadership function

Question 31

The style a leader uses to achieve goals or elicit action from group members

Answer 31

leadership style

Question 32

The increasing presence of the fast-food business model of control, predictability, calculability and efficiency in common social institutions

Answer 32

McDonaldization

Question 33

A research focus on the properties of large scale, society-wide, social interactions

Answer 33

macro-level of analysis

Question 34

A research focus on the characteristics of local networks, groups, and organizations

Answer 34

meso-level of analysis

Question 35

A research focus on the social dynamics of small groups and face-to-face interaction

Answer 35

micro-level of analysis

Question 36

An organization principle where group membership and advancement are based on merit as shown through proven and documented skills

Answer 36

meritocracy

Question 37

Organizations that people choose to join to pursue shared interests or because they provide intangible rewards

Answer 37

normative or voluntary organizations

Question 38

A group that an individual is not a member of and may compete with

Answer 38

out-group

Question 39

Small, informal groups that provide the individual with intimacy and support

Answer 39

primary groups

Question 40

The experience and attraction to the act of being together for its own sake, regardless of the content of the interaction

Answer 40

pure sociability

Question 41

An explanation of in-group/out-group behaviour which predicts that antagonism will develop between groups if there is a competition for a resource in which only one group can be the winner and in the absence of superordinate goals requiring cooperation

Answer 41

realistic conflict theory

Question 42

Groups to which an individual compares herself or himself

Answer 42

reference groups

Question 43

A process in which a dominant group displaces their unfocused aggression and violence onto a subordinate group

Answer 43

scapegoating

Question 44

Large, impersonal groups that are task-focused and time-limited

Answer 44

secondary groups

Question 45

Any two individuals on Earth can be linked on average by six network connections

Answer 45

six degrees of separation

Question 46

An individual who has a large impact on a person’s socialization or plays a formative role in shaping their life

Answer 46

significant other

Question 47

A collection of people tied together by a specific configuration of connections through which resources are exchanged

Answer 47

social network

Question 48

An individual in a network is influenced by their immediate social contacts, their social contacts’ contacts, and their social contacts’ contacts’ contacts

Answer 48

three degrees of influence

Question 49

An organization in which participants live a controlled life focused on resocialization

Answer 49

total institution

Question 50

The tendency for the products of culture to detach themselves from lived experience and become increasingly complex, specialized, alienating, or oppressive

Answer 50

tragedy of culture

Question 51

A three-member group

Answer 51

triad

Question 52

An organization that people join to fill a specific material need

Answer 52

utilitarian organization