Chapter 18

Question 1

Crowds of people who are focused on a specific action or goal

Answer 1

acting crowds

Question 2

Social movements that limit themselves to self-improvement changes in individuals

Answer 2

alternative movements

Question 3

A theory that credits individuals in crowds as behaving as rational thinkers and views crowds as engaging in purposeful behaviour and collective action

Answer 3

assembling perspective

Question 4

People who share close proximity without really interacting

Answer 4

casual crowds

Question 5

Concerted behaviour in which a number of people come together on the basis of a shared interest to achieve some common objective

Answer 5

collective action

Question 6

A non-institutionalized activity in which several people voluntarily engage

Answer 6

collective behaviour

Question 7

The shared meanings, symbols, concepts, categories and images of a social group or society

Answer 7

collective representations

Question 8

People who come together for a regularly scheduled event

Answer 8

conventional crowds

Question 9

A fairly large number of people sharing close proximity

Answer 9

crowd

Question 10

Patents that are granted when someone has invented a new and original design for a manufactured product

Answer 10

design patents

Question 11

When the social problem that concerns a social movement is stated in a clear, easily understood manner

Answer 11

diagnostic framing

Question 12

The increasing gap between the technological haves and have-nots

Answer 12

digital divide

Question 13

The sum of energy required for a finished product including the resource extraction, transportation, manufacturing, distribution, marketing, and disposal

Answer 13

embodied energy

Question 14

A perspective that emphasizes the importance of social norms in crowd behaviour

Answer 14

emergent norm theory

Question 15

A breakthrough in one form of technology that leads to a number of variations, from which a prototype emerges, followed by a period of slight adjustments to the technology, interrupted by a breakthrough

Answer 15

evolutionary model of technological change

Question 16

Crowds that share opportunities to express emotions

Answer 16

expressive crowds

Question 17

A large group of people who gather together in a spontaneous activity that lasts a limited amount of time

Answer 17

flash mob

Question 18

A way or perspective in which experience is organized conceptually

Answer 18

frame

Question 19

Using bridging, amplification, extension, and transformation as an ongoing and intentional means of recruiting participants to a movement

Answer 19

frame alignment process

Question 20

Networks of social movement actors who collaborate across state borders to address shared global concerns

Answer 20

global social movements

Question 21

The shared inter-subjective meanings and common understandings that form the backdrop of daily existence and communication

Answer 21

lifeworld

Question 22

A relatively large group with a common interest, even if the group members may not interact or be in close proximity

Answer 22

mass

Question 23

The cultural form of capitalist societies characterized by constant change and transformation

Answer 23

modernity

Question 24

The process that increases the amount of specialization and differentiation of structure in societies

Answer 24

modernization

Question 25

When the social problem that concerns a social movement is stated as a call to action

Answer 25

motivational framing

Question 26

Theory that analyzes why the common features contemporary social movements are concerns with quality of life issues rather than traditional materialist issues

Answer 26

new social movement theory

Question 27

When a technology company plans for a product to be obsolete or unable to be repaired

Answer 27

planned obsolescence

Question 28

Patents that recognize the discovery of new plant types that can be asexually reproduced

Answer 28

plant patents

Question 29

When social movements state a clear solution to their issue

Answer 29

prognostic framing

Question 30

An unorganized, relatively diffuse group of people who interact and debate ideas

Answer 30

public

Question 31

Movements that work to promote inner change or spiritual growth in individuals

Answer 31

redemptive movements

Question 32

Movements that seek incremental change to the social structure

Answer 32

reform movements

Question 33

Movements that seek to prevent or undo change to the social structure

Answer 33

resistance movements

Question 34

Theory that explains social movements’ success in terms of their ability to acquire resources and mobilize individuals

Answer 34

resource mobilization theory

Question 35

Movements that seek to completely change every aspect of society

Answer 35

revolutionary movements

Question 36

Any significant alteration over time in behavior patterns, social relationships, institutions, cultural values and norms

Answer 36

social change

Question 37

Movements of collective feeling, public expression and social creation that are in the process of emerging and not yet caught in a definite mould

Answer 37

social currents

Question 38

A purposeful, organized group that works toward a common social goal

Answer 38

social movement

Question 39

A collection of social movement organizations that are striving toward similar goal

Answer 39

social movement industry

Question 40

A single social movement group

Answer 40

social movement organization

Question 41

The collection of social movements in a society

Answer 41

social movement sector

Question 42

The spread of technology across borders

Answer 42

technological diffusion

Question 43

Lines of development of technological innovations which make advancements on previous iterations

Answer 43

technological lineage

Question 44

An application of knowledge to solve problems in daily life

Answer 44

technology

Question 45

Patents that are granted for the invention or discovery of any new and useful process, product, or machine

Answer 45

utility patents

Question 46

A functionalist perspective theory that posits that several preconditions must be in place for collective behaviour to occur

Answer 46

value-added theory

Question 47

The benefits people receive simply by being part of the dominant group of racialized “whites.”

Answer 47

White privilege