Chapter 11

Question 1

A status received through individual effort or merits (e.g., occupation, educational level, moral character, etc.)

Answer 1

achieved status

Question 2

(in a biological usage) the connection between human variations and the historical-geographical origins of an individual or group’s ancestors

Answer 2

ancestry

Question 3

A status received by virtue of being born into a category or group (e.g., hereditary position, gender, race, etc.)

Answer 3

ascribed status

Question 4

The process by which a minority individual or group takes on the characteristics of the dominant culture

Answer 4

assimilation

Question 5

Black, Indigenous, and People of Colour

Answer 5

BIPOC

Question 6

The forcible subjugation of territory and people by military action

Answer 6

conquest

Question 7

Prejudiced action against a group of people

Answer 7

discrimination

Question 8

Can be used interchangeably with the term majority

Answer 8

dominant

Question 9

A group of people who have more power in a society than any of the subordinate groups

Answer 9

dominant group

Question 10

A situation in which everyone in a society has an equal chance to pursue economic or social rewards

Answer 10

equality of opportunity

Question 11

The idea that all cultures and all cultural practices have equal value

Answer 11

ethical relativism

Question 12

A shared cultural heritage — the distinctive practices, beliefs and way of life of a group

Answer 12

ethnicity

Question 13

Evaluating another culture according to the standards of one’s own culture

Answer 13

ethnocentrism

Question 14

Refers to marriage outside of the group (community, tribe, ethnicity, etc.)

Answer 14

exogamy

Question 15

When a dominant group forces a subordinate group to leave a certain area or the country

Answer 15

expulsion

Question 16

The idea that humans can be categorized into five racial categories: African, European, Asian, Oceanic, and Native American

Answer 16

five race theory

Question 17

The deliberate annihilation of a targeted (usually subordinate) group

Answer 17

genocide

Question 18

Rights conferred on individuals by virtue of their membership in a group

Answer 18

group-specific rights

Question 19

The process by which different racial and ethnic groups combine to create new or emergent cultural forms and practices

Answer 19

hybridity

Question 20

a shared self-perception or self-ascription of an individual or community as belonging to a distinct group based on ethnic, racial, religious, geographical or other characteristics

Answer 20

identity

Question 21

When a societal system has developed with an embedded disenfranchisement of a group

Answer 21

institutional racism

Question 22

The process of uneven regional development by which a dominant group establishes control over existing populations within a country by maintaining segregation of ethnic and racial groups

Answer 22

internal colonialism

Question 23

A theory that suggests that the effects of race, class, gender, sexual orientation, and other attributes on social status compound one another

Answer 23

intersection theory

Question 24

Any group of people who are singled out from others for differential and unequal treatment

Answer 24

minority group

Question 25

The blending of different racialized groups through sexual relations, procreation, marriage, or cohabitation

Answer 25

miscegenation

Question 26

The stereotype applied to a minority group that is seen as reaching higher educational, professional, and socioeconomic levels without protest against the majority establishment

Answer 26

model minority

Question 27

The recognition of cultural and racial diversity and of the equality of different cultures

Answer 27

multiculturalism

Question 28

the practice of projecting exotic characteristics onto “Asia,” “the East” or “the Orient” that are said to be the opposite of Western characteristics

Answer 28

orientalism

Question 29

Biased thought based on flawed assumptions about a group of people

Answer 29

prejudice

Question 30

The practice of projecting “savagery” or premodern characteristics onto Indigenous and racialized peoples around the globe

Answer 30

primitivism

Question 31

The selection of individuals for greater surveillance, policing, or treatment on the basis of racialized characteristics

Answer 31

racial profiling

Question 32

When real estate agents direct prospective homeowners toward or away from certain neighbourhoods based on their race

Answer 32

racial steering

Question 33

The social process by which certain social groups are marked for unequal treatment based on perceived physiological differences

Answer 33

racialization

Question 34

A set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices used to justify the belief that one racial category is somehow superior or inferior to others

Answer 34

racism

Question 35

The process by which meaning is produced and circulated in a society through the use of language, signs and images to stand in for, or re-present, things

Answer 35

representation

Question 36

The physical separation of two groups, particularly in residence, but also in workplace and social functions

Answer 36

segregation

Question 37

A society historically based on colonization through foreign settlement and displacement of Indigenous inhabitants

Answer 37

settler society

Question 38

Oversimplified ideas about groups of people

Answer 38

stereotypes

Question 39

a mark or attribute regarded as deeply discrediting

Answer 39

stigma

Question 40

A systematic method used to resolve conflicts, or potential conflicts, between groups that arise based on perceived differences

Answer 40

strategy for the management of diversity

Question 41

Groups whose identity is defined by cultural subordination

Answer 41

subaltern groups

Question 42

A group of people who have less power than the dominant group

Answer 42

subordinate group

Question 43

Overlapping and mutually reinforcing structures of racial discrimination systematically embedded within and between organizations and institutions

Answer 43

systemic racism

Question 44

The benefits people receive simply by being part of the dominant group of racialized “whites.”

Answer 44

White privilege

Question 45

The doctrine that non-White groups are inferior and that racial discrimination, segregation, and domination is therefore justified

Answer 45

White supremacy

Question 46

Persons, other than Indigenous persons, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-White in colour

Answer 46

visible minority