Chapter 2

Question 1

Knowledge based on the accepted authority of the source

Answer 1

authoritative knowledge

Question 2

In-depth analysis of a single event, situation, or individual

Answer 2

case study

Question 3

A sociological research method that studies the social world from the point of view of the bodies and bodily practices of the participants

Answer 3

carnal sociology

Question 4

Knowledge based on observations without any systematic process for observing or assessing the accuracy of observations

Answer 4

casual observation

Question 5

A set of guidelines established to foster ethical research and professionally responsible scholarship in sociology or other disciplines

Answer 5

code of ethics

Question 6

A quantitative approach to textual research that selects an item of textual content that can be reliably and consistently observed and coded, and surveys the prevalence of that item in a sample of textual output

Answer 6

content analysis

Question 7

In an experiment, the subjects or comparison group who are not exposed to the independent variable

Answer 7

control group

Question 8

When a change in one variable coincides with a change in another variable, but does not necessarily indicate causation

Answer 8

correlation

Question 9

Research approach that utilizes positivist, interpretive and reflexive methods to produce knowledge that maximizes the human potential for freedom and equality

Answer 9

critical research strategy

Question 10

An approach to teaching and learning based on fostering the agency of marginalized communities and empowering learners to emancipate themselves from oppressive social structures

Answer 10

critical pedagogy

Question 11

The process of dismantling colonial power structures

Answer 11

decolonization

Question 12

Variable changed by the impact of another variable

Answer 12

dependent variable

Question 13

Evidence corroborated by direct sense experience and/or observation

Answer 13

empirical evidence

Question 14

The extended observation of the cultural practices, perspectives, beliefs and values of an entire social setting

Answer 14

ethnography

Question 15

The testing of a hypothesis under controlled conditions

Answer 15

experiment

Question 16

In an experiment, the subjects who are exposed to the independent variable

Answer 16

experimental group

Question 17

Gathering data from a natural environment without doing a lab experiment or a survey

Answer 17

field research

Question 18

The generation of hypotheses and theories after the collecting and analysis of data

Answer 18

grounded theory

Question 19

When study subjects behave in a certain manner due to their awareness of being observed by a researcher

Answer 19

Hawthorne effect

Question 20

An educated guess that predicts outcomes with respect to the relationship between two or more variables

Answer 20

hypothesis

Question 21

Variable that causes change in a dependent variable

Answer 21

independent variable

Question 22

Methodologies that derive a general statement from a series of empirical observations

Answer 22

inductive approach

Question 23

The study of the way everyday life is coordinated through institutional, textually mediated practices

Answer 23

institutional ethnography

Question 24

A one-on-one conversation between a researcher and a subject

Answer 24

interview

Question 25

A scholarly research step that entails identifying and studying all existing studies on a topic to create a basis for new research

Answer 25

literature review

Question 26

Specific ways of rendering abstract concepts in terms of measurable and observable criteria

Answer 26

operational definitions

Question 27

Knowledge that draws general conclusions from limited observations

Answer 27

overgeneralization

Question 28

Immersion by a researcher in a group or social setting in order to make observations from an “insider” perspective

Answer 28

participant observation

Question 29

A defined group serving as the subject of a study

Answer 29

population

Question 30

Data collected directly from firsthand experience

Answer 30

primary data

Question 31

Information based on systematic interpretations of meaning

Answer 31

qualitative data

Question 32

Information from research collected in numerical form that can be counted

Answer 32

quantitative data

Question 33

A representative subset of a population selected without bias. Every person in a population has the same chance of being chosen for the study

Answer 33

random sample

Question 34

A detailed, systematic method for conducting research and obtaining data

Answer 34

research design

Question 35

Small, manageable number of subjects that represent the population

Answer 35

sample

Question 36

A systematic research method that involves asking a question, researching existing sources, forming a hypothesis, designing and conducting a study, and drawing conclusions

Answer 36

scientific method

Question 37

Using data collected by others but applying new interpretations

Answer 37

secondary data analysis

Question 38

Knowledge based on observations that only confirm what the observer expects or wants to see

Answer 38

selective observation

Question 39

Data collections from subjects who respond to a series of questions about behaviours and opinions, often in the form of a questionnaire

Answer 39

surveys

Question 40

A thorough ethnographic description which describes observed behaviour and the layers of meaning that form the social context of the behaviour

Answer 40

thick description

Question 41

Knowledge based on received beliefs or the way things have always been done

Answer 41

traditional knowledge

Question 42

The degree to which a sociological measure accurately reflects the topic of study

Answer 42

validity

Question 43

A practice of remaining impartial, without bias or judgment, during the course of a study and in publishing results

Answer 43

value neutrality

Question 44

A characteristic or measure of a social phenomenon that can take different values

Answer 44

variable