Chapter 9

Question 1

A severe deprivation of basic human needs, including food, safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, health, shelter, education and information

Answer 1

absolute poverty

Question 2

A status received through individual effort or merits (e.g., occupation, educational level, moral character, etc.)

Answer 2

achieved status

Question 3

A status received by virtue of being born into a category or group (e.g., hereditary position, gender, race, etc.)

Answer 3

ascribed status

Question 4

Ritualized practices by which people keep both a physical and social distance from status superiors

Answer 4

avoidance rituals

Question 5

Relating to manual work or workers

Answer 5

blue-collar

Question 6

In capitalism, the owning class who live from the proceeds of owning or controlling capital

Answer 6

bourgeoisie

Question 7

A system in which people are born into a social standing that they will retain their entire lives

Answer 7

caste system

Question 8

A group who shares a common social status based on their economic position or relationship to the means of production

Answer 8

class

Question 9

A stratification system based on class structure and individual achievement

Answer 9

class system

Question 10

Buying and using products to make a statement about social standing

Answer 10

conspicuous consumption

Question 11

Cultural assets in the form of knowledge, education, and taste that can be transferred intergenerationally

Answer 11

cultural capital

Question 12

An argument that social inequality provides positive functional incentives in the occupational system

Answer 12

Davis-Moore thesis

Question 13

A lowering of one’s social class

Answer 13

downward mobility

Question 14

Unions of people within the same social category

Answer 14

endogamous marriages

Question 15

A situation in which everyone in a society has a similar level of wealth, status, and power

Answer 15

equality of conditions

Question 16

A situation in which everyone in a society has an equal chance to pursue economic or social rewards

Answer 16

equality of opportunity

Question 17

A sociological paradigm that models human interaction on the basis of calculated social exchanges of resources governed by a norm of reciprocity

Answer 17

exchange theory

Question 18

Unions of people from different social categories

Answer 18

exogamous marriages

Question 19

A measure of income inequality in which zero is absolute equality and one is absolute inequality

Answer 19

Gini Index

Question 20

the correlation between greater social inequality in a society and lower intergenerational mobility

Answer 20

Great Gatsby curve

Question 21

the ability of a dominant group in society to secure consent to its rule by successfully presenting its own interests, values and norms as the common sense interests, values and norms of everybody

Answer 21

hegemony

Question 22

The money a person earns from work or investments

Answer 22

income

Question 23

A difference in income level between different generations of a family

Answer 23

intergenerational mobility

Question 24

A difference in income level between different members of the same generation

Answer 24

intragenerational mobility

Question 25

The compounding effects of multiple determinants of social inequality

Answer 25

intersectionality

Question 26

The income needed to meet a family’s basic needs and enable them to participate in community life

Answer 26

living wage

Question 27

In capitalism, the underclass of chronically unemployed or irregularly employed who are in and out of the workforce

Answer 27

lumpenproletariat

Question 28

Productive property, including the things like tools, technologies, resources, land, workplaces, etc. used to produce the goods and services needed for survival

Answer 28

means of production

Question 29

An ideal system in which individual achievements determine social standing

Answer 29

meritocracy

Question 30

A set of policies in which the state reduces its role in providing public services, regulating industry, redistributing wealth, and protecting the commons while advocating the use of free market mechanisms to regulate society

Answer 30

neo-liberalism

Question 31

In capitalism, the class of small owners like shopkeepers, farmers, and contractors who own some property and perhaps employ a few workers but rely on their own labour to survive

Answer 31

petite bourgeoisie

Question 32

How many people a person must take orders from versus how many people a person can give orders to or influence with their decisions

Answer 32

power

Question 33

Ritualized practices by which individuals attest to the esteem they hold for others

Answer 33

presentation rituals

Question 34

A law stating that all property passes to the firstborn son

Answer 34

primogeniture

Question 35

The class of people defined by selling their labour for a wage or salary

Answer 35

proletariat

Question 36

The process in which work conditions increasingly resemble those of the traditional, blue-collar working class

Answer 36

proletarianization

Question 37

Living without the minimum amount of income or resources needed to be able to participate in the ordinary living patterns, customs, and activities of a society

Answer 37

relative poverty

Question 38

The division of people into categories based on socially significant characteristics, identities, and roles

Answer 38

social differentiation

Question 39

The unequal distribution of valued resources, rewards, and positions in a society

Answer 39

social inequality

Question 40

The ability to change positions within a social stratification system

Answer 40

social mobility

Question 41

An institutionalized system of social inequality

Answer 41

social stratification

Question 42

A group’s social position in a hierarchy based on income, education, and prestige of occupation

Answer 42

socio-economic status (SES)

Question 43

A level of material goods and comforts required to maintain a particular socio-economic lifestyle

Answer 43

standard of living

Question 44

The degree of honour or prestige one has in the eyes of others

Answer 44

status

Question 45

The consistency, or lack thereof, of an individual’s rank across different social categories like income, education, and occupation

Answer 45

status consistency

Question 46

When societal changes increase or decrease the relative income of an entire group or category of people vis-a-vis other groups

Answer 46

structural mobility

Question 47

An increase in one’s social class

Answer 47

upward mobility

Question 48

The value of a person’s assets

Answer 48

wealth

Question 49

Relating to “mental,” administrative or services work, particularly in an office or other professional environment

Answer 49

white-collar