Chapters 10 - 12 for SOCI 111 FINAL Flashcards
(146 cards)
1
Q
The experience of a division between the directly lived, bodily world of women’s lives and the dominant, masculine, abstract, institutional world to which they must adapt
A
bifurcated consciousness
2
Q
Deep and structures of language that take the form of paired terms and carry opposed or opposite meanings
A
binary opposition
3
Q
A term that refers to individuals whose gender identity matches the gender and sex they were assigned at birth
A
cisgender
4
Q
A social condition in which heteronormativity is enforced by formal and informal measures that encourage heterosexuality and penalize sexual variation
A
compulsory heterosexuality
5
Q
The way people perform tasks based on assigned gender scripts and gendered feedback from significant others
A
doing gender
6
Q
An ideological framework that states that there are only two possible sexes, male and female, and two possible genders, masculine and feminine
A
dominant gender schema
7
Q
Women are doubly exploited in capitalist society when they work outside the home for wages and within the home as unpaid domestic labour
A
double exploitation of women
8
Q
A concept that prohibits premarital sexual intercourse for women, but allows it for men
A
double standard
9
Q
The dominant styles of femininity, which express women’s subordination to men within a particular culture at a particular time
A
emphasized femininity
10
Q
A term that refers to social or cultural distinctions of behaviours that are considered male or female
A
gender
11
Q
Harmful acts directed at an individual based on their gender
A
gender-based violence
12
Q
A psychiatric classification describing persons experiencing a strong and persistent incongruity between their anatomy (their sex) and the gender with which they identify
A
gender dysphoria
13
Q
An individual’s sense of being either masculine or feminine
A
gender identity
14
Q
Society’s concept of how men and women should behave
A
gender role
15
Q
Sexual orientation which takes into account both sexes and genders of people
A
gendered sexuality
16
Q
An invisible barrier that prevents women from achieving positions of leadership
A
glass ceiling
17
Q
The dominant male ideal within a particular culture at a particular time
A
hegemonic masculinity
18
Q
The belief and practice that heterosexuality is the only normal sexual orientation
A
heteronormativity
19
Q
An extreme or irrational aversion to homosexuals
A
homophobia
20
Q
Individuals with a mixture of male and female sexual organs or physical characteristics
A
intersex
21
Q
Emotional, sexual and physical violence by one intimate partner against another
A
intimate partner violence
22
Q
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer or questioning, two spirited and other minority sexualities
A
LGBTQ2+
23
Q
A style of masculinity characterized as virile, aggressive, intransigent, and hyper-masculine
A
machismo
24
Q
A type of femininity, often stigmatized, defined by non-compliance with male domination
A
pariah femininity
25
The principle that individuals are guided by instinctual drives for immediate gratification
pleasure principle
26
The idea of a society in which sex and gender distinctions no longer matter
postgenderism
27
A scholarly discipline that questions fixed (normative) definitions of gender and sexuality
queer theory
28
The principle that individuals must regulate instinctual drives for gratification according to the reality of the restrictions, rules and moral codes of the social order
reality principle
29
A term that denotes the presence of physical or physiological differences between males and females
sex
30
The prejudiced belief that one sex should be valued over another
sexism
31
A person’s capacity for sexual feelings and the orientation of their emotional and sexual attraction to a particular sex (male or female)
sexuality
32
The process wherein people come to understand societal norms and expectations, to accept society’s beliefs, and to be aware of societal values
socialization
33
Oversimplified ideas about groups of people
stereotypes
34
A term that refers to individuals who identify with the behaviours and characteristics that are the opposite of their biological sex
transgender
35
Transgender individuals who alter their bodies through medical interventions such as surgery and hormonal therapy
transsex
36
A status received through individual effort or merits (e.g., occupation, educational level, moral character, etc.)
achieved status
37
(in a biological usage) the connection between human variations and the historical-geographical origins of an individual or group’s ancestors
ancestry
38
A status received by virtue of being born into a category or group (e.g., hereditary position, gender, race, etc.)
ascribed status
39
The process by which a minority individual or group takes on the characteristics of the dominant culture
assimilation
40
Black, Indigenous, and People of Colour
BIPOC
41
The forcible subjugation of territory and people by military action
conquest
42
Prejudiced action against a group of people
discrimination
43
Can be used interchangeably with the term majority
dominant
44
A group of people who have more power in a society than any of the subordinate groups
dominant group
45
A situation in which everyone in a society has an equal chance to pursue economic or social rewards
equality of opportunity
46
The idea that all cultures and all cultural practices have equal value
ethical relativism
47
A shared cultural heritage — the distinctive practices, beliefs and way of life of a group
ethnicity
48
Evaluating another culture according to the standards of one’s own culture
ethnocentrism
49
Refers to marriage outside of the group (community, tribe, ethnicity, etc.)
exogamy
50
When a dominant group forces a subordinate group to leave a certain area or the country
expulsion
51
The idea that humans can be categorized into five racial categories: African, European, Asian, Oceanic, and Native American
five race theory
52
The deliberate annihilation of a targeted (usually subordinate) group
genocide
53
Rights conferred on individuals by virtue of their membership in a group
group-specific rights
54
The process by which different racial and ethnic groups combine to create new or emergent cultural forms and practices
hybridity
55
a shared self-perception or self-ascription of an individual or community as belonging to a distinct group based on ethnic, racial, religious, geographical or other characteristics
identity
56
When a societal system has developed with an embedded disenfranchisement of a group
institutional racism
57
The process of uneven regional development by which a dominant group establishes control over existing populations within a country by maintaining segregation of ethnic and racial groups
internal colonialism
58
A theory that suggests that the effects of race, class, gender, sexual orientation, and other attributes on social status compound one another
intersection theory
59
Any group of people who are singled out from others for differential and unequal treatment
minority group
60
The blending of different racialized groups through sexual relations, procreation, marriage, or cohabitation
miscegenation
61
The stereotype applied to a minority group that is seen as reaching higher educational, professional, and socioeconomic levels without protest against the majority establishment
model minority
62
The recognition of cultural and racial diversity and of the equality of different cultures
multiculturalism
63
the practice of projecting exotic characteristics onto “Asia,” “the East” or “the Orient” that are said to be the opposite of Western characteristics
orientalism
64
Biased thought based on flawed assumptions about a group of people
prejudice
65
The practice of projecting “savagery” or premodern characteristics onto Indigenous and racialized peoples around the globe
primitivism
66
The selection of individuals for greater surveillance, policing, or treatment on the basis of racialized characteristics
racial profiling
67
When real estate agents direct prospective homeowners toward or away from certain neighbourhoods based on their race
racial steering
68
The social process by which certain social groups are marked for unequal treatment based on perceived physiological differences
racialization
69
A set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices used to justify the belief that one racial category is somehow superior or inferior to others
racism
70
The process by which meaning is produced and circulated in a society through the use of language, signs and images to stand in for, or re-present, things
representation
71
The physical separation of two groups, particularly in residence, but also in workplace and social functions
segregation
72
A society historically based on colonization through foreign settlement and displacement of Indigenous inhabitants
settler society
73
Oversimplified ideas about groups of people
stereotypes
74
a mark or attribute regarded as deeply discrediting
stigma
75
A systematic method used to resolve conflicts, or potential conflicts, between groups that arise based on perceived differences
strategy for the management of diversity
76
Groups whose identity is defined by cultural subordination
subaltern groups
77
A group of people who have less power than the dominant group
subordinate group
78
Overlapping and mutually reinforcing structures of racial discrimination systematically embedded within and between organizations and institutions
systemic racism
79
The benefits people receive simply by being part of the dominant group of racialized “whites.”
White privilege
80
The doctrine that non-White groups are inferior and that racial discrimination, segregation, and domination is therefore justified
White supremacy
81
Persons, other than Indigenous persons, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-White in colour
visible minority
82
The state where one is barely able, or unable, to afford basic necessities
absolute poverty
83
the ability to define one’s goals and act on them; used as a variable to measure inequality
agency
84
A global countermovement based on principles of environmental sustainability, food sovereignty, labour rights, and democratic accountability that challenges the corporate model of globalization
anti-globalization movement
85
A labour market divided into a core of relatively stable, well-paid jobs and a periphery of casual, precarious, and low-cost labour
bifurcated labour system
86
The movement (flight) of capital from one nation to another, via jobs and resources
capital flight
87
A form of slavery in which one person owns another
chattel slavery
88
The transformation in the transportation and trade of goods brought about by the use of container ships
containerization
89
A form of domination in which a state or state sponsored group exercises direct control over the territory and inhabitants of another society
colonialism
90
The widespread exchange of plants, animals, foods, human populations, communicable diseases, and culture between the Eastern and Western hemispheres beginning in the 16th century
Columbian Exchange
91
Dominant capitalist countries
core nations
92
A social condition or setting of social and cultural diversity in which a multiplicity of ideas, traditions and customs intermingle
cosmopolitanism
93
The buildup of external debt, wherein countries borrow money from other nations to fund their expansion or growth goals
debt accumulation
94
When people pledge themselves as servants in exchange for money for passage and are subsequently paid too little to regain their freedom
debt bondage
95
The process whereby former colonies attain formal political self-determination and independence from colonial powers
decolonization
96
The loss of industrial production, usually to peripheral and semi-peripheral nations where the costs are lower
deindustrialization
97
Theory stating that global inequity is due to the exploitation of peripheral and semi-peripheral nations by core nations
dependency theory
98
The process whereby day-to-day life is increasingly less informed by traditions or the ways of life passed down in local cultural and ecological contexts
de-traditionalization
99
The process in which day to day life is no longer completely embedded in local, micro-level interactions but becomes coordinated and organized on a global basis
disembedding
100
Advanced systems of knowledge and practice required to run the complex institutional arrangements and technological systems of contemporary societies
expert system
101
A form of colonialism in which the focus is on the extraction of wealth (rather than settlement)
exploitative colonialism
102
A form of identity formation defined by the drive to find one’s “self” and to express one’s unique individuality, even in the face of resistance
expressive individualism
103
19th century-1914
first wave of globalization
104
A term from the Cold War era that is used to describe industrialized capitalist democracies
first world
105
A term that describes stigmatized minority groups who have no voice or representation on the world stage
fourth world
106
A practice where products are designed, manufactured, and assembled in different international locations
global assembly lines
107
The extension of the capitalist mode of production to the entire world
global capitalism
108
Analytical framework that the development of global capitalism takes place less in the context of national economies and more in the context of global flows of capital investment in an increasingly integrated world market
global capitalism theory
109
Internationally integrated economic links that connect workers and corporations around the world for the purpose of manufacture, distribution, and marketing
global commodity chains
110
A global pattern in which women increasingly bear a disproportionate percentage of the burden of poverty
global feminization of poverty
111
The concentration of resources in core nations and in the hands of a wealthy minority
global inequality
112
The study of structures and processes that extend beyond the boundaries of states or specific societies
global level of analysis
113
The unequal distribution of resources between countries
global stratification
114
The processes of increasing integration and interconnection which incorporate people across the world into a single world society
globalization
115
the market value of all goods and services produced within a country in a given time period
gross domestic product (GDP)
116
The income of a nation calculated based on domestic goods and services produced, plus income earned by citizens and corporations headquartered in that country
gross national income (GNI)
117
Features that define the common culture of global society
late modernity
118
The relationship between core and peripheral countries in which resources of the hinterlands are shipped to the metropolises to be converted into manufactured goods and then shipped back to the hinterlands for consumption
metropolis-hinterland relationship
119
A theory that low-income countries can improve their global economic standing by industrialization of infrastructure and a shift in cultural attitudes toward work
modernization theory
120
A corporation whose ownership and operations span multiple nation-states
multinational corporation
121
The continued socio-economic and political dominance of external political and economic agents in former colonies
neo-colonialism
122
A set of policies in which the state reduces its role in providing public services, regulating industry, redistributing wealth, and protecting the commons while advocating the use of free market mechanisms to regulate society
neo-liberalism
123
The emergence of group identities that provide individuals with a means of distinguishing themselves from others in the context of global diversity and cosmopolitanism
new tribalism
124
A system where an employer compels a worker to pay off a debt with work
peonage
125
Nations on the fringes of the global economy, dominated by core nations, with very little industrialization
peripheral nations
126
the initial stage of capitalist accumulation in which people are separated from a territory and its resources, and subjected to forms of unfree labour, expropriation of land and destruction of self-determining communities
primitive accumulation
127
A stance of contemporary individuality and institutional life that involves (a) continuous monitoring of activities and performance to assess effectiveness and future risks, and (b) a readiness to modify understandings and practices in response to new information
reflexivity
128
The state of poverty where one is unable to live the lifestyle of the average person in the country
relative poverty
129
A characteristic trade off in late modern society between trust in expert systems to manage collective risks and threats, and the recognition of the fallibility of expert systems
risk/trust dilemma
130
Interventions designed to reduce the likelihood of undesirable events occurring based on an assessment of probabilities of risk
risk management
131
1945-1989
second wave of globalization
132
A term from the Cold War era that describes nations with moderate economies and standards of living
second world
133
In-between nations, not powerful enough to dictate policy but acting as a major source of raw materials and providing an expanding middle class marketplace
semi-peripheral nations
134
A form of colonialism focused on permanent settlement and corresponding displacement of Indigenous Peoples and societies
settler colonialism
135
The system by which the world is divided up into separate and indivisible sovereign territories or states
sovereign state system
136
The political form in which a single, central, supreme lawmaking authority governs within a clearly demarcated territory
sovereignty
137
A state of poverty subjectively present when one’s actual income does not meet one’s expectations
subjective poverty
138
Sectors of the global labour market who are of no direct use to capitalism and obliged to sustain themselves precariously in informal sectors of the economy
surplus humanity
139
The principle that territory and economic resources that are not being effectively utilized by an indigenous population could legitimately be expropriated and developed by a superior invading nation
Terra Nullius
140
The spread of automation, computation, instantaneous communication, and digitization through the use of electronics, computers and internet
third industrial revolution
141
1989–present
third wave of globalization
142
A term from the Cold War era that refers to poor, non-industrialized countries
third world
143
A network of owners of capital who are distributed around the world and focused on international markets, rather than their home markets, for investment and capital accumulation
transnational capitalist class
144
An unregulated economy of labour and goods that operates outside of governance, regulatory systems, or human protections
underground economy
145
Analytical framework which conceptualizes a single world-system operating as a global division of labour, divided between multiple states, which redistributes surplus value from the periphery to the core
world systems theory
146
An irrational fear and even hatred of foreigners and foreign goods
xenophobia
