Chapter 3

Question 1

A perspective in which male concerns, male attitudes, and male practices are presented as “normal” or define what is significant and valued in a culture

Answer 1

androcentrism

Question 2

Tenets or convictions that people hold to be true

Answer 2

beliefs

Question 3

A set of paired terms, considered as mutually exclusive and logical opposites, which structure a whole set or system of associated meanings

Answer 3

binary opposition

Question 4

An experiment in which researchers purposely break a commonly accepted social norm or behave in a socially awkward manner to examine people’s reactions

Answer 4

breaching experiment

Question 5

A set of cultural conventions, instructions, or rules used to combine symbols to communicate or interpret meaning

Answer 5

code

Question 6

An object, service, or good that has been produced for sale on the market

Answer 6

commodity

Question 7

The process through which objects, services, or goods are turned into commodities

Answer 7

commodification

Question 8

The tendency for people to define themselves in terms of the commodities they purchase

Answer 8

consumerism

Question 9

A group that rejects and opposes society’s widely accepted cultural patterns

Answer 9

counterculture

Question 10

The deliberate imposition of one’s own cultural values on another culture

Answer 10

cultural imperialism

Question 11

The practice of assessing beliefs or practices within a culture by its own standards

Answer 11

cultural relativism

Question 12

Patterns or traits that are common to all societies

Answer 12

cultural universals

Question 13

Shared beliefs, values, and practices in a whole way of life

Answer 13

culture

Question 14

An experience of personal disorientation when confronted with an unfamiliar way of life

Answer 14

culture shock

Question 15

A way of doing things that expresses the customs and know-how of a particular culture

Answer 15

cultural practice

Question 16

The conscious subversion of messages, signs, and symbols by altering them slightly

Answer 16

detournement

Question 17

The dispersion of a people from their original homeland

Answer 17

diaspora

Question 18

The spread of material and nonmaterial culture from one culture to another

Answer 18

diffusion

Question 19

Evaluating another culture according to the standards of one’s own culture

Answer 19

ethnocentrism

Question 20

Norms without any particular moral underpinnings

Answer 20

folkways

Question 21

Established, written rules

Answer 21

formal norms

Question 22

A form of biological determinism that suggests the qualities of human life are caused by genes

Answer 22

geneticism

Question 23

The process by which a global dimension of social relations emerges and spreads

Answer 23

globalization

Question 24

Forms of cultural experience characterized by formal complexity, eternal values, or creative authenticity

Answer 24

high culture

Question 25

New forms of culture that arise from cross-cultural exchange and cultural blending

Answer 25

hybridity

Question 26

Rules of behaviour that are generally and widely followed but not codified in law or institutional policy

Answer 26

informal norms

Question 27

Max Weber’s metaphor for the modern condition of life circumscribed by the demand for maximum efficiency

Answer 27

iron cage

Question 28

A symbolic system of communication

Answer 28

language

Question 29

The culture of constant change and transformation associated with the rise of capitalism

Answer 29

modernity

Question 30

Norms based on social requirements which are based on the moral views and principles of a group

Answer 30

mores

Question 31

Promotion of making new reproductive technologies and human genetic engineering available to consumers to enhance human characteristics and capacities

Answer 31

new eugenics movement

Question 32

Rules of behaviour or conduct

Answer 32

norms

Question 33

Cultural experiences, practices and products that are widely circulated, produced by or well-liked by “the people.”

Answer 33

popular culture

Question 34

Forms of contemporary culture characterized by a playful mixture of forms, pluralism, and the breakdown of centralized, modern culture

Answer 34

postmodern culture

Question 35

The idea that people understand the world based on their form of language

Answer 35

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

Question 36

A way to authorize or formally disapprove of certain behaviours

Answer 36

sanctions

Question 37

A way to encourage conformity to cultural norms

Answer 37

social control

Question 38

The external laws, morals, values, religious beliefs, customs, fashions, rituals, and cultural rules that govern social life

Answer 38

social facts

Question 39

The structures of a social group of people who interact within a definable territory and who share a culture

Answer 39

society

Question 40

The study of deep unconscious rules or codes that govern cultural activities and constrain possibilities in different domains of social life

Answer 40

structuralism

Question 41

A group that shares a specific identity apart from a parent culture, even as the members hold features in common with the parent culture

Answer 41

subculture

Question 42

Gesture, object, or component of language that represents a meaning recognized by people who share a culture

Answer 42

symbol

Question 43

Strong prohibitions based on deeply held sacred or moral beliefs

Answer 43

taboos

Question 44

A culture’s standard for discerning desirable states in society

Answer 44

values