SOCI 111 MCQs from Midterms 1 & 2 Flashcards by Laura Mudde

A way to encourage conformity to cultural norms is known as:
A. Social control
B. Surveillance
C. Policing
D. Punishment

A. Social control

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Strong prohibitions based on deeply held sacred or moral beliefs are:
A. Laws
B. Taboos
C. Mores
D. Norms

B. Taboos

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The tendency for people to define themselves in terms of the commodities they purchase is an element of:
A. Capitalism
B. Modernity
C. Fordism
D. Consumerism

D. Consumerism

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The study of society-wide social structures and processes is referred to as:
A. Global-level sociology
B. Micro-level sociology
C. Macro-level sociology
D. Sociology

C. Macro-level sociology

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Cultural experiences, practices and products that are widely circulated, produced by or well-liked by “the people” are considered:
A. Low culture
B. High culture
C. Fashion
D. Popular culture

D. Popular culture

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The idea that people understand the world based on their form of language is the basis of the:
A. Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
B. Hawthorne effect
C. Ethnography
D. Determinism

A. Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

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A set of guidelines established to foster ethical research and professionally responsible scholarship in sociology or other disciplines refer to the:
A. Scientific method
B. Reliability
C. Code of ethics
D. Maleficence

C. Code of ethics

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The structures of a social group of people who interact within a definable territory and who share a culture is known as a:
A. Nation
B. Society
C. Country
D. Minority

B. Society

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A perspective in which male concerns, male attitudes, and male practices are presented as “normal” or define what is significant and valued in a culture, is:
A. Misogyny
B. Androcentrism
C. Patriarchy
D. Sexism

B. Androcentrism

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When a person’s beliefs and ideology are in conflict with their best interests (key term connected to Karl Marx), this is called:
A. Dual consciousness
B. Class consciousness
C. Subconsciousness
D. False consciousness

D. False consciousness

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The geological epoch defined by the impact of human activities on the global ecosystem is referred to as the:
A. Anthropocene
B. Post-industrial era
C. Post-modernism
D. Neo-liberalism

A. Anthropocene

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A social process in which an individual’s social identity is established through the imposition of a definition by authorities:
A. Commodification
B. Rationalization
C. Labelling
D. Bureaucratization

C. Labelling

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Rules of behaviour that are generally and widely followed but not codified in law or institutional policy are:
A. Informal norms
B. Sanctions
C. Folkways
D. Scripts

A. Informal norms

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A theoretical perspective that focuses on inequality and power relations in society in order to achieve social justice and emancipation through their transformation is known as:
A. Positivist sociology
B. Critical sociology
C. Phenomenology
D. Paradigm

B. Critical sociology

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The communal beliefs, morals, and attitudes of a society (key term connected to Emile Durkheim), is:
A. Collective mentality
B. Group mentality
C. Dual conscience
D. Collective conscience

D. Collective conscience

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An experiment in which researchers purposely break a commonly accepted social norm or behave in a socially awkward manner to examine people’s reactions is a(n):
A. Breaching experiment
B. Unethical experiment
C. Boiling point
D. Taboo

A. Breaching experiment

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Evaluating another culture according to the standards of one’s own culture is known as:
A. Cultural relativism
B. Ethnocentrism
C. Cultural imperialism
D. Cultural determinism

B. Ethnocentrism

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A group’s whole way of life including shared practices, values, beliefs, norms and artifacts refers to:
A. Religion
B. Ethnicity
C. Culture
D. Society

C. Culture

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Information based on systematic interpretations of meaning (or lived experience):
A. Scientific study
B. Quantitative data
C. Qualitative data
D. Discourse analysis

C. Qualitative data

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Agricultural societies that operate on a strict hierarchical system of power based around land ownership, protection, and mutual obligations (example of lords or knights in castles) are:
A. Feudal societies
B. Agricultural societies
C. Authoritarian societies
D. Industrial societies

A. Feudal societies

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A systematic research method that involves asking a question, researching existing sources, forming a hypothesis, designing and conducting a study, and drawing conclusions refers to (the):
A. Sociological endeavour
B. Structural functionalism
C. Milgram experiment
D. Scientific method

D. Scientific method

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How strongly a person is connected to their social group is termed:
A. Moral cohesion
B. Social solidarity
C. Moral integrity
D. Social integration

D. Social integration

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Societies based around the domestication of animals are:
A. Horticultural societies
B. Pastoral societies
C. Agricultural societies
D. Post-industrial societies

B. Pastoral societies

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A situation in which an individual is trapped by the rational and efficient processes of social institutions (key term connected to Max Weber) is described as the:
A. Iron cage
B. Disenchantment of the world
C. Protestant work ethic
D. Glass ceiling

A. Iron cage

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The ability to understand how personal problems of milieu relate to public issues of social structure is know as: A. Social constructivism B. Sociological imagination C. Empathy D. Ethnography

B. Sociological imagination

The condition in which an individual is isolated from their society, work, sense of self, and/or common humanity: A. Alienation B. Anomie C. Isolation D. Individualization

A. Alienation

Gesture, object, or component of language that represents a meaning recognized by people who share a culture is a: A. Code B. Script C. Symbol D. Sign

C. Symbol

Insecure employment based on subcontracting, temporary contracts, outsourcing and involuntary part-time work is referred to as: A. Relative poverty B. False consciousness C. Postmodern employment D. Precarious employment

D. Precarious employment

The study of specific, local relationships between individuals or small groups is: A. Local community analysis B. Meso-level sociology C. Micro-level sociology D. Interpersonal analysis

C. Micro-level sociology

Pre-established patterns of behaviour that people are expected to follow in specific social situations: A. Formal norms B. Social scripts C. Guidelines D. Legislation

B. Social scripts

A group defined by a distinct relationship to the means of production refers to their: A. Social class B. Status C. Economic standing D. Social integration

A. Social class

Data collected directly from firsthand experience is known as: A. Primary data B. Qualitative data C. Secondary data D. Subjective data

A. Primary data

The owners of the means of production in a society are titled the: A. Proletariat B. Bourgeoisie C. Base D. Superstructure

B. Bourgeoisie

The degree to which a group of people cohere or are bound together through shared consciousness, qualities or social ties is known as: A. Social integration B. Moral cohesion C. Mechanical solidarity D. Social solidarity

D. Social solidarity

Societies based around the cultivation of plants are: A. Vegan societies B. Pastoral societies C. Agricultural societies D. Horticultural societies

D. Horticultural societies

A theoretical perspective that focuses on the relationship of individuals within society by studying their communication (language, gestures and symbols), is: A. Conflict theory B. Structural functionalism C. Symbolic interactionism D. Critical sociology

C. Symbolic interactionism

Societies based on the production of nonmaterial goods and services are: A. Information societies B. Post-industrial societies C. Postmodern societies D. Technocracies

A. Information societies

Norms based on social requirements which are based on the moral views and principles of a group are: A. Folkways B. Values C. Mores D. Beliefs

C. Mores

A stage of social evolution in which people explain events with respect to the will of God or gods (key term connected to Auguste Comte), is the: A. Theological stage B. Metaphysical stage C. Positivist stage D. Progressive stage

A. Theological stage

An economic system characterized by private or corporate ownership, production, and sale of goods in a competitive market refers to: A. Modernism B. Capitalism C. Socialism D. Communism

B. Capitalism

Social patterns that have undesirable consequences for the operation of society are: A. Taboos B. Dysfunctions C. Inequality D. Deviancy

B. Dysfunctions

The degree to which a sociological measure accurately reflects the topic of study refers to its: A. Reliability B. Ethics C. Truthfulness D. Validity

D. Validity

An experience of personal disorientation when confronted with an unfamiliar way of life refers to: A. Culture shock B. Diaspora C. Cultural hybridity D. Alienation

A. Culture shock

The capacity of individuals to act and make decisions independently is: A. Self-determination B. Rational choice C. Agency D. Power

C. Agency

A group that rejects and opposes society’s widely accepted cultural patterns is: A. Counterculture B. Minority C. Multicultural D. Low culture

A. Counterculture

The deliberate imposition of one’s own cultural values on another culture is: A. Cultural relativism B. Colonialism C. Cultural imperialism D. Domination

C. Cultural imperialism

A way to authorize or formally disapprove of certain behaviours are known as: A. Formal norms B. Sanctions C. Scripts D. Symbols

B. Sanctions

The general tendency in modern society for all institutions and most areas of life to be transformed by the application of rationality and efficiency is: A. Bureaucratization B. Rationalization C. Formalization D. Dehumanization

B. Rationalization

An approach to understanding society that explains social change, human ideas, and social organization in terms of underlying changes in the economic (or material) structure of society (key term connected to Karl Marx) A. Systems theory B. Economic theory C. Historical materialism D. Capital materialism

C. Historical materialism

The critical analysis of the way gender differences in society structure social inequality A. Critical sociology B. Gender theory C. Sexism D. Feminism

D. Feminism

The informal teaching done in schools that socializes children to societal norms is known as: A. Hidden curriculum B. Secondary socialization C. Indirect curriculum D. Peer socialization

A. Hidden curriculum

The role that the social environment plays in self development is referred to as: A. Nature B. Bystander effect C. Nurture D. Control

C. Nurture

The process by which old behaviours are removed and new behaviours are learned in their place is: A. Rite of passage B. Resocialization C. Desocialization D. Anti-socialization

B. Resocialization

Internalized social norms that define what people should do when they occupy a social role in society are: A. Social rules B. Social scripts C. Normative socialization D. Social expectations

D. Social expectations

Statuses obtained by personal effort or choice is defined as one’s: A. Ascribed status B. Achieved status C. Primary status D. Status mobility

B. Achieved status

A technique sociologists use in which they view society through the metaphor of theatrical performance is known as the: A. Dramaturgical analysis B. Symbolic interactionism C. Morality plays D. Interpretive sociology

A. Dramaturgical analysis

A set of socially shared guidelines that define appropriate emotions in given situations are: A. Informal rule B. Social norms C. Emotion rules D. Feeling rules

D. Feeling rules

A collection of people who exist in the same place at the same time, but who do not interact or share a sense of identity are a(n): A. Category B. Random group C. Aggregate D. Citizen group

C. Aggregate

The elevated feeling experienced by individuals when they come together as a group is defined as: A. Collective effervescence B. Mob mentality C. Collective action D. Zeitgeist

A. Collective effervescence

A leader who encourages group participation and consensus-building before acting is a(n): A. Democratic leader B. Laissez-faire leader C. Authoritarian leader D. Absent leader

A. Democratic leader

The tendency to conform to the attitudes and beliefs of the group despite individual misgivings is: A. Group conformity B. Groupthink C. Authoritarian group D. Being a push-over

B. Groupthink

The increasing presence of the fast-food business model of control, predictability, calculability and efficiency in common social institutions is: A. Fordism B. Centralization C. McDonaldization D. Bureaucratization

C. McDonaldization

A three-member group is a: A. Tripod B. Triad C. Triangle D. Triplet

B. Triad

Crime committed by white-collar workers in a business environment is referred to as: A. Consensus crime B. White-collar crime C. Business crime D. Corporate crime

D. Corporate crime

A violation of contextual, cultural, or social norms is known as: A. Deviance B. Diversion C. Breaching D. Crime

A. Deviance

Attacks based on prejudice against a person’s or a group’s race, religion, sexuality or other characteristics are known as: A. Ethnic crimes B. Hate crimes C. Racial profiling D. Consensus crimes

B. Hate crimes

An expanding cycle of deviance, media-generated public fears, and police reaction can be summarized as creating: A. Moral panic B. Crime panic C. Misinformation D. Populism

A. Moral panic

A civil force in charge of regulating laws and public order at a federal, provincial, or community level is known as the: A. Military B. Bylaw C. Police D. Crime watch

C. Police

The tendency of offenders to reoffend is called: A. Relapse B. Recidivism C. Backslide D. Regression

B. Recidivism

Acts that violate social norms but are generally regarded as harmless are known as: A. Social deviances B. Social diversions C. Conflict crimes D. Counterculture

B. Social diversions

Various means used to make the lives and activities of individuals visible to authorities is: A. Surveillance B. Spying C. Risk management D. New penology

A. Surveillance

A severe deprivation of basic human needs, including food, safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, health, shelter, education and information refers to: A. Relative poverty B. Total poverty C. Homelessness D. Absolute poverty

D. Absolute poverty

A system in which people are born into a social standing that they will retain their entire lives is known as: A. Class system B. Meritocracy C. Caste system D. Bureaucracy

A. Class system

A lowering of one’s social class is referred to as: A. The Great Gatsby Curse B. Downward mobility C. Upward mobility D. Social decline

B. Downward mobility

A situation in which everyone in a society has an equal chance to pursue economic or social rewards is the: A. Equality of opportunity B. Equality of condition C. Equality of society D. Equilibrium

A. Equality of opportunity

The compounding effects of multiple determinants of social inequality is known as: A. Intersectionality B. Discrimination C. Privilege D. Strain theory

A. Intersectionality

Productive property, including the things like tools, technologies, resources, land, workplaces, etc. used to produce the goods and services needed for survival are known as the: A. Means of survival B. Means of production C. Production materials D. Private property

B. Means of production

The division of people into categories based on socially significant characteristics, identities, and roles is: A. Social stratification B. Stereotyping C. Social differentiation D. Categorization

C. Social differentiation

A group’s social position in a hierarchy based on income, education, and prestige of occupation is known as their: A. Population and Organization (POET) B. At Risk Of Poverty (AROP) C. Socio-Economic Status (SES) D. Economic and Social Standing (ESS)

C. Socio-Economic Status (SES)

The value of a person’s assets is known as their: A. Wealth B. Status C. Power D. Influence

A. Wealth

The study of variations in gene expression under the impact of environmental influences is referred to as: A. Genomics B. Epigenetics C. Biodeterminism D. Neuroplasticity

B. Epigenetics

A time when children begin to episodically imitate and take on roles that another person might have, is called the: A. Play stage B. Preparatory stage C. Imitation game D. Role play

A. Play stage

Producing or inhibiting feelings according to the social expectations of different situations is summarized as: A. Emotional labour B. Dramaturgy C. Masking D. Emotion management

D. Emotion management

How a subjective reality can drive events to develop in accordance with that reality, despite being originally unsupported by objective reality (like monsters under your bed) is referred to as the: A. Social imaginary B. Artificial effect C. Inception theory D. Thomas theorem

D. Thomas theorem

An invisible barrier that prevents women from achieving positions of leadership is called the: A. Glass ceiling B. Concrete jungle C. Gender engineering D. Lowered ceiling

A. Glass ceiling

A group a person belongs to and feels is an integral part of their identity is the: A. Out-group B. In-group C. Reference group D. Solidarity group

B. In-group

When an individual in a network is influenced by their immediate social contacts, their social contacts’ contacts, and their social contacts’ contacts’ contacts, this is the: A. Three degrees of influence B. Six degrees of distance C. 98 Degrees D. Third degree

A. Three degrees of influence

A means of social control that obliges an offender to pay a victim to compensate for a harm committed is known as: A. Conciliatory social control B. Compensatory social control C. Therapeutic social control D. Disciplinary social control

B. Compensatory social control

A behaviour that violates official law and is punishable through formal sanctions is known as: A. Deviance B. Crime C. Taboo D. Injunction

B. Crime

Penalties for rule breaking that are officially recognized and enforced are: A. Formal sanctions B. Informal sanctions C. Social sanctions D. Reprimands

A. Formal sanctions

The ascribing of a deviant identity to another person by members of society is explained through: A. Socialization B. Labelling theory C. Strain theory D. Social disorganization theory

B. Labelling theory

The process by which norms are used to differentiate, rank, and correct individual behaviour occurs through: A. Social control B. Surveillance C. Normalization D. Situational crime control

C. Normalization

The difference between the proportion of an identifiable group in a particular institution (like the correctional system) and their proportion in the general population is: A. Ratio B. Discrimination C. Recidivism D. Overrepresentation

D. Overrepresentation

A violation of norms that does not result in any long-term effects on the individual’s self-image or interactions with others is: A. Primary deviance B. Secondary deviance C. Informal deviance D. Childish deviance

A. Primary deviance

A personality disorder characterized by anti-social behaviour, diminished empathy, and lack of inhibitions is: A. Narcissism B. Psychopathy C. Isolationism D. Sociopathy

B. Psychopathy AND D. Sociopathy

Crime committed by average people against other people or organizations, usually in public spaces is: A. Street crime B. Public crime C. Petty theft D. Burglary

A. Street crime

A means of social control that uses therapy to return individuals to a normal state is known as: A. Conciliatory social control B. Restorative justice C. Compensatory social control D. Therapeutic social control

D. Therapeutic social control

Areas within the city characterized by high levels of migration, social diversity, and social change are: A. Zones of transition B. Migrant zones C. Suburbs D. Hinterland

A. Zones of transition

Relating to manual work or workers: A. Black-collar B. Blue-collar C. White-collar D. Red-collar

B. Blue-collar

Buying and using products to make a statement about social standing is known as: A. Consumerism B. Fast Fashion C. Achieved status D. Conspicuous consumption

D. Conspicuous consumption

SOCI 111 MCQs from Midterms 1 & 2 Flashcards

(100 cards)