Chapter 8

Question 1

The involvement of Indigenous communities in the sentencing of Indigenous offenders

Answer 1

Aboriginal sentencing circles

Question 2

Offenders serve a conditional sentence in the community, usually by performing some sort of community service

Answer 2

community-based sentencing

Question 3

A means of social control that obliges an offender to pay a victim to compensate for a harm committed

Answer 3

compensatory social control

Question 4

A means of social control that reconciles the parties of a dispute and mutually restores harmony to a social relationship that has been damaged

Answer 4

conciliatory social control

Question 5

Serious acts of deviance about which there is near-unanimous public agreement

Answer 5

consensus crimes

Question 6

Acts of deviance that may be illegal but about which there is considerable public disagreement concerning their seriousness

Answer 6

conflict crimes

Question 7

A threshold that needs to be crossed for violence to take place in face to face conflicts

Answer 7

confrontational tension/fear barrier

Question 8

A theory that states social control is directly affected by the strength of social bonds and that deviance results from a feeling of disconnection from society

Answer 8

control theory

Question 9

Crime committed by white-collar workers in a business environment

Answer 9

corporate crime

Question 10

The system tasked with supervising individuals who have been arrested, convicted, or sentenced for criminal offences

Answer 10

corrections system

Question 11

A system that has the authority to make decisions about criminal responsibility and sentencing based on law

Answer 11

court

Question 12

A behaviour that violates official law and is punishable through formal sanctions

Answer 12

crime

Question 13

Crimes committed as ways in which individuals cope with conditions of oppression and inequality

Answer 13

crimes of accommodation

Question 14

An organization that exists to enforce a legal code

Answer 14

criminal justice system

Question 15

A violation of contextual, cultural, or social norms

Answer 15

deviance

Question 16

A theory that states individuals learn deviant behaviour from those close to them

Answer 16

differential association theory

Question 17

Detailed continuous training, control, observation, correction and rehabilitation of individuals to improve their capabilities

Answer 17

disciplinary social control

Question 18

Women (or other categories of individual) who break both laws and gender (or other) norms

Answer 18

doubly deviant

Question 19

The use of tests by authorities to assess, document, and know individuals

Answer 19

examination

Question 20

Norms based on everyday cultural customs like etiquette

Answer 20

folkways

Question 21

Penalties for rule breaking that are officially recognized and enforced

Answer 21

formal sanctions

Question 22

Practices by which individuals or organizations seek to govern the behaviour of others or themselves

Answer 22

government

Question 23

Attacks based on prejudice against a person’s or group’s race, religion, sexuality or other characteristics

Answer 23

hate crimes

Question 24

Penalties for rule breaking that occur in face-to-face interactions

Answer 24

informal sanctions

Question 25

The ascribing of a deviant identity to another person by members of society

Answer 25

labelling theory

Question 26

Norms that are specified in explicit codes and enforced by government bodies

Answer 26

law

Question 27

Codes that maintain formal social control through laws

Answer 27

legal codes

Question 28

The interaction between scientific classifications and targeted “kinds of people,” which influences the behaviour of the people thus classified

Answer 28

looping effect

Question 29

A label that describes the chief characteristic of an individua

Answer 29

master status

Question 30

An individual or group who, in the service of its own interests, publicizes and problematizes “wrongdoing” and has the power to promote, influence, create or enforce rules to penalize wrongdoing

Answer 30

moral entrepreneur

Question 31

An expanding cycle of deviance, media-generated public fears, and police reaction

Answer 31

moral panic

Question 32

Serious moral injunctions or taboos that are broadly recognized in a society

Answer 32

mores

Question 33

Punishments for violating norms

Answer 33

negative sanctions

Question 34

Strategies of social control that identify, classify, and manage groupings of offenders by the degree of risk they represent to the general public

Answer 34

new penology

Question 35

Crimes that involve the destruction or theft of property, but do not use force or the threat of force

Answer 35

nonviolent crimes

Question 35

The process by which norms are used to differentiate, rank, and correct individual behaviour

Answer 35

normalization

Question 36

A society that uses continual observation, discipline, and correction of its subjects to exercise social control

Answer 36

normalizing society

Question 37

The difference between the proportion of an identifiable group in a particular institution (like the correctional system) and their proportion in the general population

Answer 37

overrepresentation

Question 38

Institutional architecture that renders subjects visible to a centralized authority; Jeremy Betham’s model for the ideal prison

Answer 38

panopticon

Question 39

A means of social control that prohibits certain social behaviours and responds to violations with punishment

Answer 39

penal social control

Question 40

The network of institutions that create and exclude inter-generational, criminalized populations on a semi-permanent basis

Answer 40

penal-welfare complex

Question 41

A civil force in charge of regulating laws and public order at a federal, provincial, or community level

Answer 41

police

Question 42

Rewards given for conforming to norms

Answer 42

positive sanctions

Question 43

A violation of norms that does not result in any long-term effects on the individual’s self-image or interactions with others

Answer 43

primary deviance

Question 44

A personality disorder characterized by anti-social behaviour, diminished empathy, and lack of inhibitions

Answer 44

psychopathy

Question 45

The singling out of a particular racial group for extra policing

Answer 45

racial profiling

Question 46

The tendency of offenders to reoffend

Answer 46

recidivism

Question 47

A technique of conciliatory social control which focuses on establishing a direct, face-to-face connection between the offender and the victim

Answer 47

restorative justice conferencing

Question 48

(1) Interventions designed to reduce the likelihood of undesirable events occurring based on an assessment of probabilities of risk. (2) As a means of social control, the strategies to restructure the environment or context of problematic behaviour in order to minimize the risks to the general population

Answer 48

risk management

Question 49

A means of enforcing rules through either rewards or punishments

Answer 49

sanctions

Question 50

A change in a person’s self-concept and behaviour after their actions are labelled as deviant by members of society

Answer 50

secondary deviance

Question 51

After an initial victimization, secondary victimization is incurred through criminal justice processes

Answer 51

secondary victimization

Question 52

The act of labeling someone as criminal or deviant creates barriers and impediments that make it difficult for them to pass or survive in legitimate society. The label causes itself to become true

Answer 52

self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 53

Collection of data acquired using voluntary response methods, such as questionnaires or telephone interviews

Answer 53

self-report study

Question 54

Strategies of social control that redesign spaces where crimes or deviance could occur to minimize the risk of crimes occurring there

Answer 54

situational crime control

Question 55

The regulation and enforcement of norms

Answer 55

social control

Question 56

Departures from normal behaviour that are not illegal but are widely regarded as harmful

Answer 56

social deviations

Question 57

Theory that asserts crime occurs in communities with weak social ties and the absence of social control

Answer 57

social disorganization theory

Question 58

Acts that violate social norms but are generally regarded as harmless

Answer 58

social diversions

Question 59

An arrangement of regular, predictable practices and behaviours on which society’s members base their daily lives and expectations

Answer 59

social order

Question 60

A personality disorder characterized by anti-social behaviour, diminished empathy, and lack of inhibitions

Answer 60

sociopathy

Question 61

A theory that addresses the conflictual relationship between having socially acceptable goals while lacking socially acceptable means to reach those goals

Answer 61

strain theory

Question 62

Crime committed by average people against other people or organizations, usually in public spaces

Answer 62

street crime

Question 63

Various means used to make the lives and activities of individuals visible to authorities

Answer 63

surveillance

Question 64

A means of social control that uses therapy to return individuals to a normal state

Answer 64

therapeutic social control

Question 65

A system of justice centred on healing and building or re-establishing community rather than retribution and punishment

Answer 65

traditional Aboriginal justice

Question 66

The notion that women lie about sexual assault out of malice toward men and women will say “no” to sexual relations when they really mean “yes”

Answer 66

twin myths of rape

Question 67

Activities against the law that do not result in injury to any individual other than the person who engages in them

Answer 67

victimless crime

Question 68

Crimes based on the use of force or the threat of force against a person or persons

Answer 68

violent crimes

Question 69

Crimes committed by high status or privileged members of society

Answer 69

white-collar crime

Question 70

Areas within the city characterized by high levels of migration, social diversity, and social change

Answer 70

zones of transition