1
Q
causes for 1848 revolutions
A
- conservative leaders refused to respond
- working class radicals and middle class liberals were convinced that repressive Metternich system had outlived its usefulness
- nationalists in Italy and Germany wanted unification
- Austrians wanted independence
- crop failures, rising prices of food, growing unemployment
2
Q
french 1848 revolution
A
- Louis Philippe rejected demands for extending franchise to working class (“enrich yourself and you will have the vote”)
- his government collapsed
- liberals, socialists, and bonapartists vied for power/ middle class liberals and workers had conflict
- resulted in Bloody June Days
- a second republic was then created with universal male suffrage and a president
- napoleon Bonaparte was elected president
3
Q
second republic
A
created after Louis Philippe’s government collapsed
- liberals, socialists, and bonapartists vied for power
- louis napeolon became president then emperor
4
Q
Austrian 1848 revolution
A
revolts were kept down by Franz Joseph
- nationalism in Hungary was repressed by Russian troops in Vienna
- revolts in Italy were also put down (Mazzini)
5
Q
Franz joseph
A
- emperor during Austrian 1848 revolution
- after 1848 revolution, had dual monarchy
- had minority problems
6
Q
Prussian 1848 revolution
A
- Frederick William IV was forced to make concessions
- he abolished censorship, and a new Constitution that was aimed toward uniting Germany
7
Q
chartists
A
wanted universal manhood suffrage, secret ballots, no land requirements
8
Q
Frederick William IV
A
- was forced to make concessions
- he abolished censorship, and a new Constitution that was aimed toward uniting Germany
- the Frankfurt Parliament offered him the to be king of Prussia, but declined because he would be limited by a liberal constitution and have to accept the throne from middle class liberals
9
Q
German 1848 revolution
A
- Frankfurt parliament
- they split into 2 (Grossdeutsch and Kleindetuch)
- offered Frederick William IV to be king of Prussia
10
Q
Grossdeutsch
A
- during 1848 German revolution
- wanted to include Austro-Hungarian empire
11
Q
Kleindetuch
A
- during 1848 German revolution
- excluded Austrians
12
Q
Italian 1848 revolution
A
- Mazzini
- Young Italy
- repressed by Austrian intervention (Franz Joseph )
13
Q
Crimean War
A
- Russia versus great Britain, France, and ottoman empire
- Florence Nightingale
- in the end, Alexander II of Russia negotiated peace and instituted reform
- Austria stayed neutral (Russia got mad because of that)
- Sardinia fought to have napoleon III be on his side
14
Q
causes of Crimean war
A
- conflict over jurisdiction within holy places
- Nicholas wanted to dominate turkey and secure entrance into Mediterranean through Turkish straits (show that France is strong)
- France and Britain didn’t want a change in balance of power
15
Q
Unification of Italy
A
- Cavour modernized and expanded the army
- Cavour wanted to ally with napoleon III, but he ditched them
- Cavour got lombardy with Austria
- Garibaldi and Rome incident
- gained Venetian from Austria during Austro-Prussian War
- after everything, Italy still had the problem of north being industrialized and south being poor
- irredenta was still not incorporated into Italy
- they had a debt afterward
16
Q
Garibaldi
A
invaded Sicily and Naples
-marched towards Rome
17
Q
mazzini
A
attempted to unite Italy during 1848
young Italy
18
Q
unification of Germany
A
- Zollverein was enunciated by Prussian to promote economic growth
- danish war
- austro-prussian war
- franco-prussian war
19
Q
bismarck
A
realized to the only way to preserve Prussian power was to conquer the rest of Germany and absorb it into a gigantic Prussian state
20
Q
consequences of austro-prussian war
A
- Austria excluded from German affairs
- Austria agreed to dissolution of German confederation
- Italy annexed Venetian
- north German confederation of created and dominated by Prussia
21
Q
consequences of franco-prussian war
A
-France had to give up Alsace and Lorraine
-
22
Q
dual monarchy
A
- separate parliament and domestic government
- still had same ruler, military and diplomatic crops
23
Q
third republic in France
A
created after napoleon II was ousted
- created after pairs commune
- universal male suffrage and indirect elections
24
Q
Germany 1850-1914
A
- political democracy was not created
- initially allies with liberals to take down the church (kulturkampf)
- but then he abandoned them and began persecuting the socialists (created a welfare state)
- then William II came in
- Germany became industrialized and led to expansion of social democratic party
- he was a conservative and wanted to stop the growth of socialism
- now there were tensions between modernization and traditionalism
25
pairs commune
- anarchists and socialists created this (working class)
- they were suppressed by middle class
- in the end, the third republic was created
- conservatives and republicans had conflict
- Dreyfus affair
26
Austria in the 1850-1914
- led by Franz Joseph
- dual monarchy
- minority problems
27
Russia 1850-1914
- Alexander II (frees serfs) creates reforms
- Alexander II assassinated
- Alexander III then became repressive
- Nicholas II (revolution of 1905)
- pogroms under Alexander III and Nicholas II
28
Alexander I
- abolish serfdom
- serfs had to pay the government (mir)
- zemstovs were local councils, but were limited
- had secret police
- assainated
29
Nicholas II
- massive industrialization (count wiitte)
- Russia's defeat in Russo-Japanese war cause revolution of 1905
- ended with duma
- however he didn't follow through on his problems of reform
- in march, he was forced to abdicate
- in October, the Bolshevik revolution over throw provisional government
30
count witte
industrialized Russia
| -under Nicholas II
31
Britain From 1850-1914
- Victorian age
- moved toward democracy (reform act of 1867 and 1884)
- competition between Disraeli and Gladstone
- women denied right to vote
- liberals had pressure from trade unions who wanted collective ownership and labor party
- liberals moved away from laissez faire and move towards social reforms to keep people away from labor party (led by Lloyd George)
32
Reform Act of 1867
-Disraeli
| -
33
Disraeli
- conservative
- electoral reform
- wanted to win voted from working class
- reform act of 1867
34
Gladstone
- liberal
- education act
- wanted home rule (wasn't passed until 1914)
35
Lloyd George
-liberals moved away from laissez faire and move towards social reforms to keep people away from labor party (led by Lloyd George)
36
second industrial revolution
- electrical power
- steel metal replace iron
- oil replace coal
- industrialization moved toward larger an larger scale (cartels and tariffs against foreign products, and corporations and trusts)
- consumer economy
- rise of a large middle class
- new occupation created lower middle class (separate from factory workers, white collar)
- women were fighting for right to vote
- emigration (Ireland)
- improving conditions (Hausseman)
37
Russian 1905 revolution
- terrible conditions of early Russian industrialization
- bloody Sunday
- Marxists exiles became dangerous (menchseviks and Bolsheviks)
38
bloody sunday
troops shoot people outside tsar's palace
| Prussian 1905 revolution
39
menchseviks
moderate
| wanted mass electoral socialist party
40
Bolsheviks
led by Lenin
attributed success of capitalism invest to new imperialism
a small band of elite revolutionaries could seize control and guide it to communist utopia
41
labor party
-combined with Fabian society and trade union
42
William II
kicked out Bismarck
brought in socialists in paraliement
-Germany became industrialized and led to expansion of social democratic party
-he was a conservative and wanted to stop the growth of socialism
-now there were tensions between modernization and traditionalism
43
evolutionary socailism
Eduard Bernstein
-working class condition was improving
-workers must organize in mass politic parties instead of revolution
DEMOCRATIc means
