Chapter 10 Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

Motivation involves

Answer 1

goal-directed behaviour

Question 2

Homeostasis is

Answer 2

a state of physiological equilibrium or stability

Question 3

Drive is

Answer 3

an internals state of tension that motivates an organism to engage in activities that should reduces this tension

in a class and hungry - the hunger is the drive to get you to eat food

this is because your homeostasis is out of whack

even though drive can motivate a lot of things interruption to homeostasis can’t help with the thirst for knowledge

Question 4

Incentive is

Answer 4

an external goal that has the capacity to motivate behaviour

ice cream, prize, approval, grade are all examples

Question 5

does drive push or pull

Answer 5

pushes

Question 6

does incentive push or pull

Answer 6

pulls

Question 7

expectancy value model says that your motivation to pursue a course will depend on

Answer 7

expectancy of chances of attaining the incentive and

the value of the desired incentive

Question 8

Evolution theories of motivation

Answer 8

natural selection favors behaviours that maximize reproductive success

accounts for affiliation, achievement, dominance, aggression and sex drive

Question 9

why is affiliation valuable

Answer 9

affiliation motive is beneficial for child rearing, collaboration in hunting/defence, opportunities for sexual interaction

Question 10

lateral hypothalamus is destroyed what is the effect?

Answer 10

stops eating (thought as stop start centre for eating but then discredited)

Question 11

lateral hypothalamus activated

Answer 11

over eating (thought as stop start centre for eating but then discredited)

Question 12

ventromedial nucleus destroyed what is the effect?

Answer 12

over eating

Question 13

ventromedial nucleus activated

Answer 13

stops eating

Question 14

neuron pathway for hunger in 2 parts. they are called

Answer 14

arcuate nucleus and paraventricular nucleus

neurons that say you’re hungry, you’re full

Question 15

glucose level is up you feel

Answer 15

satiated

Question 16

glucose level is down you feel

Answer 16

hungry

Question 17

glucostats are

Answer 17

neurons in liver sensitive to level of glucose

Question 18

function of the vagus nerve

Answer 18

carries info using glucostats about the stretching of the stomach wall that indicates fullness

Question 19

function of insulin

Answer 19

secreted by pancreas must be present for cells to extract glucose from the blood

Question 20

inadequate insulin =

Answer 20

diabetes

Question 21

secretion of insulin and insulin injections are associated with

Answer 21

increased hunger

Question 22

can sight and smell induce the secretion of insulin?

Answer 22

yes

Question 23

other hormones associated with hunger

Answer 23

ghrelin and CCK, leptin

Question 24

10 environmental factors contributing to hunger

Answer 24

Palatability
Cultural traditions
Quantity 
Variety
Presence of Others
Learned habits
Classical conditioning
Observational learning
Stress
Manipulation of time cues (Schacter)

Question 25

BMI (body mass index) is defined by

Answer 25

weight divided by height

Question 26

set point theory proposes that

Answer 26

the body monitors fat cell levels to keep them and weight fairly stable basically you are what you are

Question 27

settling point theory proposes that

Answer 27

weight tends to drift around the level at which the constellation of factors that determine food consumption and energy expenditure achieves an equilibrium so if something changes in your habits, you may settle at a different place in your regular weight

Question 28

Excitement Phase of 4 psychological phases of sexual response includes

Answer 28

vasocongestion - engorgement in the blood vessels: testes for men and swelling and hardening of clit and expansion and lubrication of vaginal lips

Question 29

Plateau Phase includes

Answer 29

arousal builds but slower in women - further vasocongestion produces tighter lips and clit comes out of the hood men secrete pre cum fluctuation in arousal

Question 30

Orgasm includes

Answer 30

heart rate, respiration, blood pressure increase women more likely to be multi-O and also more likely to fuck w/out O guilt scripts for women play a role for men it's reproductive fitness - evolution women have higher correlation of orgasm when in love with their male partners

Question 31

Resolution Phase includes

Answer 31

refractory period for men, when they are unresponsive

Question 32

parental investment theory states that

Answer 32

(Robert Trivers) the sex that makes the smaller investment will compete for mating opportunities with the sex that makes the larger investment, and the sex that makes the larger investment will tend to be more discriminating.

Question 33

Describe the research by Buss demonstrating gender differences in mating preferences

Answer 33

to ensure that males do not overlook sexual opportunities they: show greater interest think about it more initiate it more more frequent and varied fantasy overestimate women's sexual interest in them report wanting sex more in couples older you get the worse it is motivated to pursue more partners (ideal number is 18M to 5W) true across cultures based on study more likely/willing to have uncommitted sex

Question 34

3 theories of homosexuality

Answer 34

Kinsey Scale from 1 - 7 (1 Straight - 7 Gay) Freud: weak father and overprotective mother = fag (early out of date) Behaviourists: learned preference when they were seduced by an older adult homo (early out of date)

Question 35

Biological Theory of homosexuality

Answer 35

very small insignificant hormonal differences in gay/straight twin studies show a genetic pre-disposition women exposed to higher levels of androgen (synthetic to avoid miscarriage) in pre natal had a higher rate of lesbianism

Question 36

the achievement motive

Answer 36

(Mclleland) is the need to master difficult challenges, to outperform others, and to meet high standards of excellence

Question 37

which test measures achievement predispositions?

Answer 37

Thematic Apperception Test

Question 38

traits of high achievers

Answer 38

work harder and persistently on a task handle negative feedback better more future oriented more likely to delay gratification in order to pursue long term goals typically go into competitive entrepreneurial that provide them with opportunities to achieve tend to tackle tasks in the intermediate difficulty range / enjoy moderate degree of challenge

Question 39

according to atkinson, the tendency to pursue achievement depends on

Answer 39

strength of one's motivation to achieve success (seen as a stable aspect of personality) one's estimate of probability of success (relates to choosing tasks of intermediate difficulty) incentive value of success (changes from task to task) probability and incentive are interdependent fear of failure can be a factor

Question 40

define affective forecasting

Answer 40

efforts to predict one's emotional reactions to future events

Question 41

is affective forecasting effective

Answer 41

accurate in terms of initial positive/negative feelings but inaccurate with regard to initial intensity and duration i.e. you may breakup and think it's going to be the end of the world, but then you're way better than you thought you'd be a couple weeks later we underestimate a host of cognitive biases that help us insinuate from emotional fallout - very effective at rationalizing, discounting and overlooking failures and we don't factor in this *talent* when predicting our emotions

Question 42

Describe the physiological component of emotion

Answer 42

autonomic fight or flight (sympathetic) adrenal hormones, GSR

Question 43

Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) is

Answer 43

an increase in the electrical conductivity of the skin that occurs when sweat glands increase their activity used as a measure of emotion in lab studies used in polygraph tests

Question 44

polygraph measures

Answer 44

autonomic fluctuations during questioning it doesn't measure lies

Question 45

seat of emotions is in the

Answer 45

Hypothalamus, amygdala (learned fear) and limbic system

Question 46

describe the theory of fast and slow processing

Answer 46

the fast system going to the amygdala and directly into reaction triggers hormonal reaction without conscious thought cortex is the slow pathway

Question 47

prefrontal associated with emotions around

Answer 47

goals

Question 48

cingulate cortex to deal with

Answer 48

complicated choices

Question 49

mesolimbic dopamine pathway

Answer 49

pleasure emotions

Question 50

mirror neurons for

Answer 50

emotions of empathy

Question 51

which 6 basic emotions on faces can people detect

Answer 51

happy, sad, anger, fear, surprise, disgust to a lesser extent: contempt, embarrassment, shame, amusement, sympathy

Question 52

Explain the facial feedback hypothesis

Answer 52

facial muscles send signals to the brain and signals help brain recognize what feelings are happening smiles/frowns etc...help create subjective experiences of emotions

Question 53

are expressions innate?

Answer 53

yes. blind people smile

Question 54

Display Rules are

Answer 54

norms that regulate the appropriate expression of emotions eg: Japanese culture emphasizes the suppression of negative emotions in public

Question 55

James-Lange theory is

Answer 55

stimulus–>autonomic arousal–>conscious feeling of fear idea that different emotions correspond to specific types of autonomic organization/response feelings

Question 56

Cannon-Bard theory is

Answer 56

stimulus–>subcortical/thalamus–>conscious feeling of Fear in cortex and arousal in autonomic NS, simultaneously said the the autonomic arousal was the same for a lot of emotions

Question 57

Schachter two factor theory says

Answer 57

depends on autonomic arousal and cognitive interpretation of that arousal i'm performing so the arousal is called stage freight in this instance because of the cognitive interpretation schacter agreed with both james-lang in that emotion is inferred from arousal and cannon baird that different emotions yield indistinguishable pattern of arousal so he reconciled the two by saying that people look to external cues to differentiate and label specific emotions

Question 58

Describe evolutionary theories of emotion

Answer 58

emotions evolved because of their adaptive value fear helps avoid danger resembles canon-bard theory believe that emotions evolved before thought and say thought plays a small role in emotion but learning and cognition has some influence believe emotions originated in subcortical brain structures that evolved before the cortex, which is more complex thought believe that all emotions can be traced to primary emotions and blends and varying intensities thereof (see chart)

Question 59

how many primary emotions are the according to evolutionary theories of emotion

Answer 59

8 - 10 with 3 big psychologists agreeing on 6

Question 60

what are 6 of the main primary emotions

Answer 60

``` fear anger enjoyment disgust interest surprise ```

Question 61

example of Irrelevant reasons

Answer 61

we need to regulate porn because most instances of date rape go unreported

Question 62

example of Circular reasoning

Answer 62

we need to regulate porn because it is currently unregulated the premise and conclusions are restatements of each other

Question 63

example of Slippery Slope argument:

Answer 63

if we legalize marijuana then cocaine will be next | if we don't ban porn, then kids in libraries will watch it

Question 64

example of Weak analogies:

Answer 64

cyberporn is morally offensive like child molestation | if child molestation is illegal, why would we legalize porn?

Question 65

example of False Dichotomy:

Answer 65

we can ban porn, or watch as the society goes to ruin

Question 66

example of good argument evaluation

Answer 66

what is the conclusion what are the premises provided to support the conclusion? are the premises valid does the conclusion follow from the premises? are there fallacies in the chain of reasoning? what assumptions have been made? are they valid? what are counter arguments? anything omitted from the argument?