Quiz Chapters 9/10

Question 1

Currently, what is the proportion of the general population classified as intellectually disabled?

a. 2-3%
b. 5-10%
c. 15-20%
d. 25-30%

Answer 1

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REF: 409
The correct answer is: 2-3%

Question 2

According to Howard Gardner, IQ tests have generally emphasized
Select one:
a. analytical and practical skills.
b. verbal and mathematical skills.
c. spatial and linguistic skills.
d. academic and interpersonal skills.

Answer 2

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REF: p. 427
The correct answer is: verbal and mathematical skills.

Question 3

Madison has just completed a two-year internship with a law firm. She takes a test that is designed to assess her current knowledge of general legal principles. What type of test is being used in this case?
Select one:
a. projective test
b. achievement test
c. intelligence test
d. aptitude test

Answer 3

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REF: p. 396
The correct answer is: achievement test

Question 4

If a test accurately measures what it was designed to measure, we say it is
Select one:
a. normative.
b. consistent.
c. empirical.
d. valid.

Answer 4

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REF: p. 397
The correct answer is: valid.

Question 5

If you know that Marnie has a high IQ score, you could predict that
Select one:
a. she will likely have a job in science.
b. she has an increased likelihood of having a high-status job.
c. she will not experience stereotype threat in testing situations.
d. she will perform well at her job.
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Answer 5

REF: p. 407

The correct answer is: she has an increased likelihood of having a high-status job.

Question 6

If you wanted to be able to predict how successful you would be at being an engineer, you would take a test that measured your potential for this profession. Which of the following would you be MOST concerned with?
Select one:
a. construct validity
b. criterion-related validity
c. internal validity
d. hypothetical validity

Answer 6

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REF: p. 398
The correct answer is: criterion-related validity

Question 7

Ishmael and Aliyah were enrolled in different sections of the same course. When Aliyah was taking her midterm exam, a lecture was being held in the next room. This distracted her and made it difficult for her to concentrate on her exam. When Ishmael wrote his midterm exam, the room next door was empty, and he had no distractions. Which of the following is TRUE about the administration of this midterm exam?
Select one:
a. It would have poor construct validity.
b. It did not have adequate test norms.
c. It was not standardized across sections.
d. It did not have high test-retest reliability.

Answer 7

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REF: p. 396
The correct answer is: It was not standardized across sections.

Question 8

When it comes to convergent and divergent thinking, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ thinking is most likely to be measured by intelligence tests, and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ thinking is most likely to be measured by creativity tests?
Select one:
a. divergent; convergent
b. divergent; divergent
c. convergent; convergent
d. convergent; divergent

Answer 8

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The correct answer is: convergent; divergent

Question 9

What is the term for the degree to which the items on a test are representative of the domain the test is supposed to cover?
Select one:
a. test reliability
b. content validity
c. criterion validity
d. test convergence

Answer 9

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REF: p. 398
The correct answer is: content validity

Question 10

What is the Flynn effect?
Select one:
a. Performance on IQ tests seems to be declining steadily and consistently over time.
b. Fluid intelligence declines with age, while crystallized intelligence increases with age.
c. Fluid intelligence increases with age, while crystallized intelligence declines with age.
d. Performance on IQ tests seems to be rising steadily and consistently over time.

Answer 10

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REF: p. 417
The correct answer is: Performance on IQ tests seems to be rising steadily and consistently over time.

Question 11

Glenys dropped out of high school 40 years ago, found a job, and worked her way up in the company. She has been in her present position for over 20 years, and everyone in the company agrees that she is the one with the most “street smarts” about how to deal effectively with both customers and suppliers. According to Robert Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence, Glenys would score high in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ intelligence.
Select one:
a. analytical
b. practical
c. contextual
d. creative

Answer 11

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REF: p. 426
The correct answer is: practical

Question 12

Which of the following are considered to be organic origins of mental retardation?
Select one:
a. fragile X syndrome and stereotypy
b. phenylketonuria and fragile X syndrome
c. Down syndrome and socioeconomic status
d. lower-quality schooling and hydrocephaly
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Answer 12

REF: p. 410

The correct answer is: phenylketonuria and fragile X syndrome

Question 13

Into which category of intellectual disability do the majority of those diagnosed with an intellectual disability fall?
Select one:
a. profound
b. mild
c. moderate
d. severe

Answer 13

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REF: p. 409
The correct answer is: mild

Question 14

To say that the heritability of a trait is 70 per cent means that
Select one:
a. 30 per cent of a person’s expression of that trait is due to environmental factors.
b. 70 per cent of a person’s expression of that trait is due to heredity.
c. 70 per cent of the variability of that trait in a group is accounted for by genetic variation.
d. the correlation between identical twins should be approximately +0.70 for that trait.

Answer 14

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REF: p. 415
The correct answer is: 70 per cent of the variability of that trait in a group is accounted for by genetic variation.

Question 15

In the first half of the 20th century, a strong current of racial and class prejudice supported the idea that IQ tests measured innate ability and that “undesirable” groups scored poorly because of their genetic inferiority. Which of the following themes of your textbook does this development BEST reflect?
Select one:
a. Psychology evolves in a sociocultural context.
b. Behaviour is determined by multiple causes.
c. Psychology is theoretically diverse.
d. Psychology is empirical.

Answer 15

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REF: p. 429
The correct answer is: Psychology evolves in a sociocultural context.

Question 16

Which of the following phrases was coined by Galton in his analysis of heredity and the role of the environment on intelligence?
Select one:
a. survival of the fittest
b. common sense
c. nature versus nurture
d. assortative mating

Answer 16

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REF: p. 400
The correct answer is: nature versus nurture

Question 17

According to Robert Sternberg, intelligence can be divided into three major parts:
Select one:
a. artistic intelligence, performance intelligence, and rational intelligence.
b. verbal fluency, numerical ability, and memory.
c. crystallized intelligence, fluid intelligence, and transient intelligence.
d. analytical intelligence, creative intelligence, and practical intelligence.

Answer 17

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REF: pp. 425-426
The correct answer is: analytical intelligence, creative intelligence, and practical intelligence.

Question 18

According to Robert Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence, someone should score high in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ intelligence if s/he is efficient at processing information and performs well on conventional tests designed to measure reasoning and logical-mathematical abilities.
Select one:
a. analytic
b. creative
c. practical
d. contextual

Answer 18

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REF: p. 426
The correct answer is: analytic

Question 19

Which form of mental retardation is caused by the presence of an extra chromosome?
Select one:
a. Down syndrome
b. psychosocial retardation
c. phenylketonuria-related retardation
d. hydrocephalic retardation

Answer 19

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REF: p. 410
The correct answer is: Down syndrome

Question 20

Ten-year-old Lucy has just completed a typical intelligence test. Her overall score places her right at the average for children her age. She did not score equally well on all components of the test, however. One part of the test was really problematic for Lucy. When she had to assemble blocks to match a design, she understood how to do the task but she had real difficulty manipulating the blocks because her manual dexterity is very poor, so she kept fumbling with the pieces. Lucy got very frustrated with that task. When she realized that her frustration was likely going to make her even more likely to make mistakes, she stopped, took a deep breath, and calmed herself down a bit. When she started again, she made fewer mistakes. The test administrator noticed Lucy’s distress and said, “Don’t worry, lots of little girls have trouble with the blocks.” Which of the following is MOST likely to be Lucy’s IQ score?
Select one:
a. 10
b. 50
c. 75
d. 100

Answer 20

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REF: p. 401
The correct answer is: 100

Question 21

Which of the following states that the muscles of the face send information to the brain and that this information influences emotion?
Select one:
a. James-Lange theory
b. Darwin’s facial expression theory
c. facial feedback hypothesis
d. Schachter’s cognitive theory

Answer 21

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REF: p. 473
The correct answer is: facial feedback hypothesi

Question 22

It is Emilie’s ninth birthday, and her parents have just brought out the biggest birthday present she has ever seen. Her eyes widen and her heart starts to race as she eagerly tears the wrapping off her gift. Based on the Schachter two-factor theory of emotion, how should Emilie describe her experience?
Select one:
a. “My pulse is racing because I am happy.”
b. “This huge present makes my pulse race, and this makes me feel happy.”
c. “My racing pulse means I am happy because I interpret this as an enjoyable situation.”
d. “I feel happy because my pulse is racing.”

Answer 22

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REF: p. 477
The correct answer is: “My racing pulse means I am happy because I interpret this as an enjoyable situation.”

Question 23

Which of the following would NOT be considered an environmental factor in the regulation of hunger?
Select one:
a. hormonal fluctuations 
b. stress
c. food-related cues
d. learned preferences and habits

Answer 23

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REF: p. 446
The correct answer is: hormonal fluctuations

Question 24

What type of test is the Thematic Apperception Test?
Select one:
a. aptitude test
b. achievement test
c. projective test
d. criterion-based test

Answer 24

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REF: p. 465
The correct answer is: projective test

Question 25

Dudley enjoys watching sexually explicit films, especially films that include some violence and aggression. Based on the results from research studies in this area, what might you predict about Dudley’s behaviour after viewing these types of films? Select one: a. Dudley will be more likely to seek out bisexual relationships. b. Dudley is less likely to find the women that he meets sexually attractive. c. There will be a decrease in Dudley’s aggressiveness toward women. d. There will be an increase in Dudley’s aggressiveness toward women.

Answer 25

Feedback REF: p. 459 The correct answer is: There will be an increase in Dudley’s aggressiveness toward women.

Question 26

``` If you are currently secreting both insulin and ghrelin, you are likely experiencing Select one: a. hunger. b. thirst. c. anxiety. d. sexual arousal. ```

Answer 26

Feedback REF: p. 444 The correct answer is: hunger.

Question 27

``` Annette was experiencing a high level of sexual excitement as her husband kissed and caressed her. However, their three-year-old daughter cried and interrupted them. Annette’s heart rate and respiration rate are slowly returning to normal, but she feels a sense of frustration. Based on the phases described by Masters and Johnson, Annette is in the ______________ phase. Select one: a. post-orgasmic b. plateau c. resolution d. refractory ```

Answer 27

Feedback REF: p. 454 The correct answer is: resolution

Question 28

``` Research on the role of the amygdala in modulating emotion has focused mainly on Select one: a. surprise. b. fear. c. sadness. d. happiness. r. ```

Answer 28

Feedback REF: p. 471 The correct answer is: fea

Question 29

``` According to Schachter’s two-factor theory of emotion, we use _______________________ to distinguish between the experiences of different emotions. Select one: a. our interpretation of the situation b. the emotional expression of others c. the type of behaviour involved d. the type of bodily pattern involved ```

Answer 29

Feedback REF: p. 477 The correct answer is: our interpretation of the situation

Question 30

Which of the following statements regarding the influence of stress on eating behaviour is LEAST accurate? Select one: a. Stress leads to increased eating in a substantial portion of people. b. Stress-induced eating appears to be more common among men than among women. c. It appears that stress-induced arousal rather than stress itself stimulates eating. d. It is essentially a myth that stress is associated with increased eating.

Answer 30

Feedback REF: p. 447 The correct answer is: Stress-induced eating appears to be more common among men than among women.

Question 31

What is the relationship between dietary restraint and overeating? Select one: a. People tend to see themselves as being either restrained or not, and this self-concept drives a great deal of their food-related choices. b. Some people have a genetic predisposition toward restraint, while others have a predisposition toward overeating. c. Those who tend to be restrained eaters have a paradoxical tendency to overeat due to their all-or-nothing mentality. d. Individuals who tend to overeat have a more difficult time learning the behavioural strategies associated with dietary restraint.

Answer 31

Feedback REF: p. 451 The correct answer is: Those who tend to be restrained eaters have a paradoxical tendency to overeat due to their all-or-nothing mentality.

Question 32

Imagine that you’ve just won the lottery and are thrilled to have millions of dollars at your disposal. Based on evidence about affective forecasting, which of the following would likely be TRUE if you actually did win the lottery? Select one: a. You would actually be happier than you can possibly imagine right now. b. You would actually have very little change in your average emotions from pre-win to post-win. c. You would likely be quite happy about the win, but then become depressed as a result of compensatory responses. d. You would be disappointed, because you had overestimated the experience in your mind.

Answer 32

Feedback REF: p. 469 The correct answer is: You would actually have very little change in your average emotions from pre-win to post-win.

Question 33

``` Dr. King is studying the effects of gender on the motivation to achieve in competitive sports. Her hypothesis is that males should have a greater motivation to win in sports with physical contact because males are genetically predisposed to seek dominance and status using physical prowess; females should have a lower motivation in contact sports, because females are predisposed to base dominance and status on other skills and traits. Which of the following motivational theories is guiding Dr. King’s research? Select one: a. drive b. cognitive c. organizational d. evolutionary ```

Answer 33

Feedback REF: p. 442 The correct answer is: evolutionary

Question 34

``` Food-deprived rats will learn a new response if given non-nutritive, saccharine-sweetened water as a reward. Thus, the sweet-tasting water is motivating even though no actual hunger reduction takes place. For which of the following theories of motivation is this evidence problematic? Select one: a. sociobiological b. instinct c. incentive d. drive ```

Answer 34

Feedback REF: p. 441 The correct answer is: drive

Question 35

Which of the following statements regarding the human sexual response is LEAST accurate? Select one: a. It is normal for sexual arousal to vary during lengthy foreplay b. Men are more likely than women to engage in intercourse without an orgasm. c. The subjective experience of orgasm is very similar for males and females. d. Women are far more likely than men to be multi-orgasmic. Feedback .

Answer 35

REF: p. 454 | The correct answer is: Men are more likely than women to engage in intercourse without an orgasm

Question 36

``` “We can ban cyberporn, or we can hasten the moral decay of modern society.” Which fallacy does this example illustrate? Select one: a. slippery slope b. weal analogy c. false dichotomy d. circular reasoning ```

Answer 36

Feedback REF: p. 485 The correct answer is: false dichotomy

Question 37

How do ghrelin and CCK influence hunger? Select one: a. Ghrelin and CCK both suppress hunger. b. Ghrelin suppresses hunger and CCK stimulates hunger. c. Ghrelin stimulates hunger and CCK suppresses hunger. d. Ghrelin and CCK both stimulate hunger. Feedback

Answer 37

REF: p. 444 | The correct answer is: Ghrelin stimulates hunger and CCK suppresses hunger.

Question 38

``` What motive is associated with the need to associate with others and maintain social bonds? Select one: a. sociological b. affiliation c. psychosocial d. competence ```

Answer 38

Feedback REF: p. 447 The correct answer is: affiliation

Question 39

``` What did Cannon and Washburn propose as the cause of hunger? Select one: a. lack of food b. stomach contractions c. changes in leptin levels d. low blood sugar ```

Answer 39

Feedback REF: p. 443 The correct answer is: stomach contractions

Question 40

``` “We need to ban the use of videogames for children under the age of 12, because obesity leads to serious health consequences.” Which fallacy does this example illustrate? Select one: a. non sequitur b. circular argument c. weak analogy d. false dichotomy ```

Answer 40

Feedback REF: p. 485 The correct answer is: non sequitur

Question 41

Indicate which theory of emotion—James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, Schachter’s Two-Factor, or Evolutionary—applies in the example below. More than one theory may apply. Justify or support your explanation according to the components or characteristics of the theory. Scott was walking down the street when he noticed four young people, whom he had not seen previously, walking toward him. They were crowding the sidewalk and Scott was unsure what to do. He immediately felt himself begin to tense up, his breathing became shallow and fast, and his stomach felt queasy.

Answer 41

James-Lange: he perceived the stimulus –> the sympathetic branch of his autonomic NS was aroused with a specific kind of fear response –> he noticed his responses and his feelings Cannon-Bard: he perceived the stimulus –> his subcortical regions were aroused –> he noticed his responses and his feelings and his sympathetic NS was activated Schachter’s Two-Factor: he perceived the stimulus –> his subcortical regions were aroused –> he noticed assessed the situation as dangerous –> he noticed/labeled his responses and his feelings and his sympathetic NS was activated Evolutionary: he perceived the stimulus –> his subcortical regions were aroused –> he noticed his responses and his feelings and his sympathetic NS was activated = all due to the evolutionary behaviour of arousing fear when in a dangerous situation

Question 42

As noted in the Critical Thinking section of Chapter 10, people display a number of common fallacies in their reasoning. Identify whether the following statement is an example of a slippery slope, a weak analogy, a false dichotomy, irrelevant reasoning, or circular reasoning. Provide support for your answer. “On average, women have smaller heads than men. Thus, men are more intelligent than women.”

Answer 42

thought there have been some positive correlations between brain size and intelligence, the research is not conclusive and also includes information around grey and white matter to point towards intelligence. I would call this a slippery slope because the statement draws on the limited research pointing towards the correlation between big brains and intelligence and makes a grand gesture applying it to gender. It is a slippery slope because we are not on "solid footing" with the data yet we are concluding a bigger definition than is warranted Answer: (pp. 484-485) Irrelevant reasoning. Smaller or larger heads have nothing to do with intelligence

Question 43

In your own words, briefly explain how well the concepts of drive and homeostasis contribute to understanding sexual motivation. 1/2

Answer 43

when we are sexually aroused we are in a state of un-ease. that is, we are looking for something to be fulfilled. we are "hot and bothered" drive is the motivating factor that comes from within. it is like hunger. we hunger and are looking to quell that feeling of un-ease that comes from hunger homeostasis is the state where everything feels balanced. smooth sailing. so we long to get to a place of homeostasis. I feel "hot and bothered" this drives me to pursue sex so that I may return to a state of homeostasis Answer: (pp. 441, 453-454) Sexual motivation in humans appears to be more under the influence of incentives than are hunger and thirst. All are influenced by a complex network of biological and social factors.

Question 44

In what ways have changing views about the influence of heredity and environment on intelligence affected the development of intelligence tests?

Answer 44

Early on, psychologists believed that intelligence was largely, if not entirely based on heredity. they pointed to socioculturally accepted ideas of the time that were racist: blacks scored at the bottom because they were least intelligent, whites in the middle, and asians at the top. as sociocultural views evolved away from racism, 3 other factors came to prominence that explained the discrepancy in test scores. they were: sociocultural factors - access to information, books, healthy studying environments, role models stereotypes - self-perception, cognitive hinderances related to self-monitoring, self-fulfilling prophecies, extra stress associated with debunking stereotypes cultural biases - the tests were mainly written by white middle class men to reflect an intelligence that they most related to, hence there was no consideration to create questions geared for someone who'd been raised in a radically different environment as a result of uncovering and researching these ideas, most psychologists now see heredity and environmental factors playing at about a 50/50 ratio