Quiz Chapters 1/2

Question 1

If you were having problems with depression, which of the following kinds of psychologists would be most helpful to you?

a. physiological psychologist
b. clinical psychologist
c. developmental psychologist
d. social psychologist

Answer 1

REF: p. 15

The correct answer is: clinical psychologist

Question 2

Micha tends to be very passive, and allows people to take advantage of him. What would a humanist most likely say about Micha?

a. Micha simply needs to take an assertiveness training class in which he can learn and practice assertive behaviours.
b. Micha should undergo analysis so that he can begin to resolve whatever unconscious conflict is at the root of his passivity.
c. Micha will find it difficult to change because he probably has deep-seated feelings of inferiority.
d. Micha can become more assertive once he begins to feel better about himself and recognizes that he has the ability to fulfill his potential.

Answer 2

REF: p. 13
The correct answer is: Micha can become more assertive once he begins to feel better about himself and recognizes that he has the ability to fulfill his potential.

Question 3

Which of the following statements about the current status of Freud’s psychoanalytic theory is most accurate?
Select one:

a. Freud’s views exert a tremendous influence on other disciplines, but not on psychology.
b. Freud’s views have been largely abandoned, and they exert relatively little, if any, influence on current mainstream psychology.
c. Many psychoanalytic concepts have filtered into the mainstream of psychology.
d. Freud’s views exert a tremendous influence on developmental and abnormal psychology, but not on other areas of mainstream psychology.

Answer 3

c

Many psychoanalytic concepts have filtered into the mainstream of psychology.

Question 4

Dr. LeBlanc is an industrial psychologist who advises companies on how to improve worker morale. As a psychologist who attempts to solve practical problems, Dr. LeBlanc would most likely be considered
Select one:
a. an applied psychologist.
b. a humanistic psychologist.
c. a behavioural psychologist.
d. an academic psychologist.

Answer 4

The correct answer is: an applied psychologist.

Question 5

What do humanists believe governs people’s behaviour?
Select one:
a. unconscious sexual urges
b. outcomes of an individual’s responses
c. biochemical processes
d. self-concepts

Answer 5

The correct answer is: self-concepts

Question 6

Dr. Andrus studies the factors that predict good sleep habits and the ability to relax. She believes that both sleep and relaxation are key to living a balanced life as well as being happy and productive. Which psychological approach does Dr. Andrus appear to take?
Select one:
a. positive
b. psychoanalytic
c. behaviourist
d. cognitive

Answer 6

The correct answer is: positive

Question 7

Lynelle is crying because her brother just punched her in the arm. Lynelle’s mother asks her what she did just before she was punched. In looking for a link between her daughter’s actions and her son’s response to those actions, which type of analysis is Lynelle’s mother using?
Select one:
a. structuralist
b. behaviourist
c. psychoanalytic
d. functionalist

Answer 7

Feedback
REF: p. 8
The correct answer is: behaviourist

Question 8

Which of the following is the best advice for developing sound study habits?
Select one:
a. Make yourself comfortable in your study area by having your favourite music playing.
b. Try to avoid interrupting your study time with breaks.
c. Tackle simple, routine tasks before taking on larger tasks.
d. Plan your study schedule in advance.

Answer 8

Feedback
REF: p. 33
The correct answer is: Plan your study schedule in advance.

Question 9

What is SQ3R?
Select one:
a. a study system designed to promote effective reading
b. a technique designed to reduce test anxiety
c. a method of preparing a study schedule
d. a mnemonic device used to recall key information

Answer 9

Feedback
REF: p. 35
The correct answer is: a study system designed to promote effective reading

Question 10

According to John Watson, behaviour is governed primarily by
Select one:
a. heredity.
b. personal motives.
c. the environment.
d. unconscious desires.

Answer 10

Feedback
REF: p. 7
The correct answer is: the environment.

Question 11

Dr. Evoy does research that examines the behaviour of individuals when they are in groups and when they are alone. She has found that people tend to conform to the opinion of a dominant person within a group, and that this conforming behaviour is much different than the behaviour that would occur if the individual was alone. Based on this information, which sort of psychologist do you think Dr. Evoy is?
Select one:
a. social psychologist
b. developmental psychologist
c. cognitive psychologist
d. psychometrist

Answer 11

Feedback
REF: p. 26
The correct answer is: social psychologist

Question 12

Which of the following is best supported by the fact that your performance in this course will be affected by both personal and situational factors?
Select one:
a. multifactorial causation of behaviour approach
b. psychoanalytic approach to explaining behaviour
c. single-cause explanation of behaviour
d. dual-cause explanation of behaviour

Answer 12

Feedback
REF: p. 29
The correct answer is: multifactorial causation of behaviour approach

Question 13

Which school of psychology focused on identifying and examining the fundamental components of conscious experience, such as sensations, feelings, and images?
Select one:
a. humanism
b. structuralism
c. functionalism
d. behaviourism

Answer 13

Feedback
REF: p. 6
The correct answer is: structuralism

Question 14

Oliver is studying motivation in chimpanzees. His roommate doesn’t think that Oliver’s research will produce much useful information about human motivation because he believes that information from animal studies will not provide meaningful information about human experiences. Which perspective does Oliver’s roommate appear to take?
Select one:
a. cognitive
b. biological
c. humanistic
d. evolutionary

Answer 14

Feedback
REF: p. 13
The correct answer is: humanistic

Question 15

Which of the following conclusions is supported by research comparing “successful” students to “unsuccessful” students?
Select one:
a. Successful students and unsuccessful students attended class equally often.
b. Successful students attended class more often than unsuccessful students.
c. Successful students used an instructor’s office hours more than unsuccessful students.
d. Successful students made better use of the textbook than did unsuccessful students.

Answer 15

Feedback
REF: p. 35
The correct answer is: Successful students attended class more often than unsuccessful students.

Question 16

Which branch of psychology is concerned with practical, everyday problems?
Select one:
a. cognitive psychology
b. developmental psychology
c. applied psychology
d. abnormal psychology

Answer 16

Feedback
REF: p. 15
The correct answer is: applied psychology

Question 17

Michael is having problems relating to other people because he is very paranoid and experiences hallucinations. Which type of psychologist should Michael contact for help?
Select one:
a. physiological psychologist
b. clinical psychologist
c. developmental psychologist
d. experimental psychologist

Answer 17

Feedback
REF: p. 15
The correct answer is: clinical psychologist

Question 18

Mariska is participating in a study in which she is asked to carefully observe and report her conscious reactions to several stimuli. Which type of psychologist is most likely to conduct a study like this?
Select one:
a. structuralist
b. humanist
c. behaviourist
d. psychoanalytic

Answer 18

Feedback
REF: p. 6
The correct answer is: structuralist

Question 19

The basic goal for the positive psychology approach is
Select one:
a. to have a positive impact on fields outside of psychology.
b. to create a more positive experience for psychologists.
c. to treat all patients with positive methods.
d. to understand the positive aspects of human behaviour and experience.

Answer 19

Feedback
p. 22
The correct answer is: to understand the positive aspects of human behaviour and experience.

Question 20

With which of the following statements would a behaviourist agree?
Select one:
a. Conscious experiences can be studied in an objective, precise way.
b. To understand behaviour, one must understand the motive behind the behaviour.
c. Behaviour can only be explained in terms of phenomenology, that is, an individual’s interpretation of experience.
d. Psychology should be the science of behaviour that can be observed by others.

Answer 20

Feedback
REF: p. 7
The correct answer is: Psychology should be the science of behaviour that can be observed by others.

Question 21

NASA wanted to know whether extended periods of weightlessness would have an impact on long-term circulatory function. The agency located seven former astronauts who had spent more than one month in space under conditions of weightlessness, and tested all aspects of their cardiovascular function. What sort of research did NASA conduct in this situation?
Select one:
a. experimental research
b. survey research
c. case study research
d. correlational research

Answer 21

Feedback
REF: p. 56
The correct answer is: case study research

Question 22

Mice who received gingko biloba (herb) in their diets made fewer errors in a maze-running task than mice who had not received gingko biloba. This suggests that among mice,
Select one:
a. use of gingko biloba and maze-running errors are positively correlated.
b. use of gingko biloba and maze-running errors are weakly correlated.
c. use of gingko biloba and maze-running errors are uncorrelated.
d. use of gingko biloba and maze-running errors are negatively correlated.

Answer 22

Feedback
REF: p. 62
The correct answer is: use of gingko biloba and maze-running errors are negatively correlated.

Question 23

Researchers studying the effects of sleep deprivation tested the physical coordination skills of 25-year-old males who had been sleep deprived for 24, 36, or 48 hours. In this study, what is the dependent variable?
Select one:
a. the length of time the participants had been sleep deprived
b. the type of physical coordination task the researchers used
c. the age of the research participants
d. the physical coordination skills of the men in the study

Answer 23

REF: p. 49

The correct answer is: the physical coordination skills of the men in the study

Question 24

Nula is conducting a study in which one group is exposed to loud music while completing a writing assignment and the other group has quiet writing conditions. Nula also examines the effect of gender within these groups. Therefore, she is examining the effects of both noise and gender on the performance of participants on a writing task. Which of the following reflects the type of variables present in this study?
Select one:
a. one independent variable and two dependent variables
b. one control variable and two independent variables
c. one independent variable, one control variable, and one dependent variable
d. two independent variables and one dependent variable

Answer 24

Feedback
REF: pp. 49, 52
The correct answer is: two independent variables and one dependent variable

Question 25

Dr. Hugo designs an experiment to test the effectiveness of a new antidepressant. Half of the participants will receive the drug and half will receive a sugar pill, but neither the participants nor the researchers who administer the drug will know who is receiving the drug and who is receiving the sugar pill. Dr. Hugo has designed Select one: a. a double-blind research study. b. an unethical research procedure. c. a study that will minimize self-report bias. d. a correlational study with two confounded factors.

Answer 25

Feedback REF: p. 69 The correct answer is: a double-blind research study.

Question 26

``` According to your textbook, what is the final step in a scientific investigation? Select one: a. analyzing the data b. rejecting the hypothesis c. reporting the findings d. debriefing participants ```

Answer 26

Feedback REF: 48 The correct answer is: reporting the findings

Question 27

What is the purpose of the control group? Select one: a. to isolate the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable b. to correlate the dependent variable with the independent variables c. to make statistical significance more likely d. to make the experiment more complex Feedback

Answer 27

REF: p. 50 | The correct answer is: to isolate the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable

Question 28

``` As the number of bystanders increases, people are less likely to help someone who is in distress. What is the relationship between the number of bystanders and the likelihood of helping? Select one: a. They are negatively correlated. b. They are indirectly correlated. c. They are uncorrelated. d. They are positively correlated. ```

Answer 28

Feedback REF: p. 62 The correct answer is: They are negatively correlated.

Question 29

What is the typical consequence of experimenter bias? Select one: a. The effects of the bias confirm the experimenter’s expectations. b. The results of the study are not statistically significant. c. There is evidence of the placebo effect in the results of the experimental group. d. Experimenters often doubt their results when they first see them.

Answer 29

Feedback REF: p. 69 The correct answer is: The effects of the bias confirm the experimenter’s expectations.

Question 30

``` A researcher who is conducting an opinion survey asks viewers who are watching a political debate to dial a toll-free number and record their opinion on the “question of the day.” What type of sample has the researcher created? Select one: a. a random sample b. a biased sample c. a representative sample d. a binary sample ```

Answer 30

Feedback REF: p. 67 The correct answer is: a biased sample

Question 31

What does it mean to say that the results of an experiment are statistically significant? Select one: a. The results had practical significance. b. Differences in measurements of the dependent variable resulted from chance variations. c. Different results for the experimental and control groups were not due to chance. d. The results were important enough to publish.

Answer 31

Feedback REF: p. 65 The correct answer is: Different results for the experimental and control groups were not due to chance.

Question 32

What could we conclude if the correlation coefficient between amount of exposure to television violence and aggressive behaviour was found to be +0.43? Select one: a. Watching television violence tends to cause aggressive behaviour. b. People who watch the most television violence tend to be the most aggressive. c. Being an aggressive person tends to cause one to watch more violent television. d. People who watch the most television violence tend to be the least aggressive.

Answer 32

Feedback REF: p. 63 The correct answer is: People who watch the most television violence tend to be the most aggressive.

Question 33

Diaz conducts a decision-making experiment to determine whether people reason more logically when they have more time to decide. All the participants who were under 40 were allowed 15 minutes to reach a decision about a problem. All the participants who were over 40 were allowed 20 minutes to reach a decision about the same problem. What is the problem with this experimental design? Select one: a. The age of the participants is confounded with the independent variable. b. There are two control groups and no experimental group. c. There is no dependent variable in the experiment. d. The time allowed for the decision is confounded with the independent variable.

Answer 33

Feedback REF: p. 51 The correct answer is: The age of the participants is confounded with the independent variable.

Question 34

``` Dr. Malm predicts that if teachers ignore students who act up in class, fewer students will act up in class. What is the scientific term for Dr. Malm’s prediction? Select one: a. operational definition b. inferential statistics c. hypothesis d. theory ```

Answer 34

Feedback REF: p. 46 The correct answer is: hypothesis

Question 35

What does a researcher do when conducting an experiment? Select one: a. in-depth investigation of an individual subject, through detailed documentation b. observation of behaviour as it occurs in its natural environment c. systematic observation or measurement of two variables to see whether there is an association between them d. manipulation of a variable under carefully controlled conditions and observation of whether there are changes in a second variable as a result

Answer 35

Feedback REF: 49 The correct answer is: manipulation of a variable under carefully controlled conditions and observation of whether there are changes in a second variable as a result

Question 36

Which of your textbook’s unifying themes is illustrated by the fact that subjects sometimes report beneficial effects from a placebo treatment? Select one: a. Behaviour is shaped by cultural heritage. b. Heredity and environment jointly influence behaviour. c. Psychology is empirical. d. One’s experience of the world is highly subjective.

Answer 36

Feedback REF: p. 76 The correct answer is: One’s experience of the world is highly subjective.

Question 37

Which of the following must be true of a scientific theory? Select one: a. It must be well established and not disputed. b. It must accepted by others. c. It must be testable. d. It must be correct.

Answer 37

Feedback REF: p. 45 The correct answer is: It must be testable.

Question 38

A researcher found that clients who were randomly assigned to same-sex groups participated more in group therapy sessions than clients who were randomly assigned to co-ed groups. In this experiment, what is the dependent variable? Select one: a. whether or not the group was co-ed b. how much the clients’ mental health improved c. the clients’ attitudes toward group therapy d. the amount of participation in the group therapy sessions

Answer 38

Correct Feedback REF: p. 49 The correct answer is: the amount of participation in the group therapy sessions

Question 39

What is one disadvantage of the experimental method? Select one: a. Experiments often can’t be done for practical or ethical reasons. b. Only one variable can be studied at a time. c. It takes a long time to complete the study. d. It is unable to generate cause-and-effect conclusions.

Answer 39

Feedback REF: p. 53 The correct answer is: Experiments often can’t be done for practical or ethical reasons.

Question 40

Amanda tells you about her date with Brett the night before. They went to the local amusement park, where they rode roller-coasters, attempted a climbing wall, and went into the House of Horrors. At first, Amanda wasn’t that interested in Brett, but by the end of the night, she found herself very attracted to him. What insights could you provide, given the results of the Featured Study on the effects of arousal on attraction? Select one: a. She must really be in love, because people who experience fear-inducing stimuli often end up showing fear or revulsion to people nearby. b. We tend to seek out dangerous events when we are with someone whom we want to impress, so if she tried to climb a wall then she must have feelings for Brett. c. Fear-inducing events can lead us to interpret our arousal as attraction instead of fear if we are around potential mates. d. She must be overcompensating for her guilt about not wanting to go out with Brett in the first place, so she’s convinced herself that he’s attractive.

Answer 40

Feedback REF: p. 47 The correct answer is: Fear-inducing events can lead us to interpret our arousal as attraction instead of fear if we are around potential mates.

Question 41

Indicate whether the following illustration represents an experiment. If it is an experiment, specify the independent variable, the dependent variable, and at least one controlled variable. Explain whether it is a between-subjects design or a within-subjects design, or both. Justify your answer. Mark, a senior college professor, often wondered how much content his psychology students remembered after a number of years. On the occasion of a five-year reunion of a graduating class, Mark invited all the former students to sit in the classroom where he had taught them to retake the final exam he had given them five years before. He was amazed at how little of the course content the students remembered.

Answer 41

I would not categorize this as an experiment. It seems more like a longitudinal correlational study since the prof was comparing grades from when they studied 5 years ago to how they are scoring in the present. He is testing their long-term memory perhaps? The correlation between time and retrieval abilities? An experiment would need an independent variable and there doesn't seem to be one.

Question 42

Dr. James wanted to study the effects of administering brewer's yeast in pill form to 40 individuals who had a prior diagnosis of alcoholism and who had been sober for seven or fewer days. Diagnoses had established that all 40 subjects were significantly malnourished. During the first two weeks, Dr. James noted the time it took for the 40 individuals to move from the training room to the dining room for lunch. He established the average time for the group members. Then, for the next two weeks he gave one group of 20 participants three yeast pills per day. He continued to observe the travel time from the training room to the dining room for lunch. Dr. James found that those who were given the yeast pills each day tended to arrive at the dining room more quickly than those who did not receive yeast pills.

Answer 42

This is definitely an experiment. The independent variable is the administration of the yeast pill vs no yeast pill The dependent Variable is the travel time from the training room to the dining room It is in-between subject design since there are 2 groups, one acting as control (not administered the pill) the other as experimental group (the ones administered the pill) average time is controlled variable

Question 43

In the following example, describe which of the four common flaws in research is in operation: sampling bias, distortions in self-reported data, experimenter bias, or placebo effect. More than one flaw may apply. Justify your answer. Students from a psychology course were asked to serve as experimenters in a study where rats were timed navigating mazes. Students were told that the rats differed genetically. One group was told that their rats were ‘maze-bright,’ and the other group was told that their rats were ‘maze-dull.’ All of the students were then asked to run an experiment on how well their rats navigated the maze. When the results came back …….

Answer 43

experimenter bias will be at play as the ones who think the rats are "maze-bright" may inadvertently set-up the experiment in a way that favours the rats performance because they expect the rats to perform as they've been told... whereas the opposite might happen with the ones who think their rats are "maze-dull" this may skew the results this bias may also cause the students to report distortions in self-report data because they will have a tendency to want the results to fit with their preconceptions of the rats abilities

Question 44

Discuss how structuralism and functionalism have contributed to the evolution of psychology as a discipline.

Answer 44

structuralism has spilled into aspects of psychology that are more introspectively oriented. Freudian Psychoanalysis and dream interpretation depend largely on subjective experiences, which are impossible to objectively and empirically analyze. humanistic and positive psychology that put an emphasis on improving one's subjective experience would have been influenced by structuralism. functionalism has spilled into the domain of behavioural psychologies as these are disciplines wherein behavior can be measured empirically. functionalism led to evolutionary psychology as well, as it was originally influenced by Darwin's work. Again, these are observable qualities as opposed to subjective qualities. Most forms of psychology that seek to understand how physiology affects behaviour could be linked to functionalism.