Quiz 11/12

Question 1

Which type of moral reasoning suggests that a poor man who stole food to feed his family was right, because human life takes precedence over rules?

a. pre-conventional moral reasoning
b. concrete operational thought
c. post-conventional moral reasoning
d. conventional moral reasoning

Answer 1

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REF: p. 514
The correct answer is: post-conventional moral reasoning

Question 2

Sixteen-year-old Krystal thought that all she needed to do to earn an “A” was to show up for class and pay attention, like she had in middle school. In her first year of high school, she got Cs in all her classes because she didn’t study enough. Which Piagetian process would allow Krystal to change her understanding of what is needed to succeed in school?
Select one:
a. accommodation
b. reversibility
c. egocentrism
d. assimilation

Answer 2

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REF: p. 506
The correct answer is: accommodation

Question 3

Fifteen-year-old Marta has had a relatively smooth adolescent period and, at the urging of her parents, has already decided on a college and a career. If Marta is simply playing a passive role in relationship to her parents, what type of identity status does this represent?
Select one:
a. moratorium
b. diffusion
c. achievement
d. foreclosure

Answer 3

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REF: p. 523
The correct answer is: foreclosure

Question 4

You and a friend are discussing the importance of fathers in children’s overall development. Your friend states that, “If we fail to promote increased involvement of fathers in the parenting process, then we must accept the inevitable breakdown of other social values.” What type of reasoning fallacy is this?
Select one:
a. a weak analogy
b. circular logic
c. alternative explanations
d. a false dichotomy

Answer 4

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REF: p. 543
The correct answer is: a false dichotomy

Question 5

Kara takes her one-year-old son Damon to visit a daycare centre where she plans to enroll him. Damon appears very anxious and is unwilling to explore the playroom, even though Kara is close by. When his mom leaves the room to fill out some forms, Damon becomes extremely upset. When Kara returns, he clings to her leg, but does not calm down and continues to sob. What type of attachment relationship does this example illustrate?
Select one:
a. secure
b. undeveloped
c. avoidant
d. anxious-ambivalent

Answer 5

Correct
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REF: p. 502
The correct answer is: anxious-ambivalent

Question 6

What is the essential difference between sex and gender?
Select one:
a. Sex is cognitive; gender is behavioural.
b. Sex is biologically determined, while gender is culturally determined.
c. Sex is culturally determined, while gender is biologically determined.
d. Sex is behavioural, gender is cognitive.

Answer 6

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REF: p. 537
The correct answer is: Sex is biologically determined, while gender is culturally determined

Question 7

Patricia is upset because she is convinced that her brother has a bigger piece of cake than she does. Her dad quickly slices Patricia’s piece of cake in two and tells her that she now has “more” cake. If she calms down and is convinced that she does have more cake than her brother, what does this suggest about Patricia’s cognitive development?
Select one:
a. She does not yet understand conservation.
b. She has not yet mastered object permanence.
c. She does not understand the process of assimilation.
d. She is displaying egocentric reasoning.

Answer 7

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REF: p. 507
The correct answer is: She does not yet understand conservation.

Question 8

Twenty-five-year-old Jocelyn feels very insecure about some of the personal and career choices she has made so far. Consequently, at this point in her life, she is unwilling to form a serious, committed relationship with another person. Based on Erikson’s theory, what will happen to Jocelyn?
Select one:
a. She will develop a sense of isolation.
b. She will become self-indulgent and self-absorbed.
c. She will develop feelings of inferiority and doubt.
d. She will experience feelings of despair and bitterness.
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Answer 8

REF: p. 525

The correct answer is: She will develop a sense of isolation.

Question 9

Angelina and Dominique are best friends. Angelina contracts rubella and Dominique catches it from her. At the time they are sick with the disease, Angela is four weeks pregnant and Dominique is eight months pregnant. What is the MOST likely outcome in this situation?
Select one:
a. Neither baby will have physical defects as a result of its mother’s rubella.
b. Angelina’s baby will be unaffected by the disease, but Dominique’s baby will have physical defects.
c. Dominique’s baby will be unaffected by the disease, but Angelina’s baby will have physical defects.
d. Both babies will have physical defects as a result of their mothers’ rubella.

Answer 9

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REF: pp. 493-494
The correct answer is: Dominique’s baby will be unaffected by the disease, but Angelina’s baby will have physical defects.

Question 10

Which of the following is the safest statement to make regarding the origin of gender differences?
Select one:
a. Hormonal differences between the sexes account for the largest proportion of the variation.
b. The reinforcement children receive for displaying gender-appropriate behaviour determines the differences.
c. As with anything, the explanation of gender differences is complex and must take into account both biological and environmental factors.
d. The fact that males tend to exhibit more cerebral specialization than females do explains the bulk of the differences.
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Answer 10

REF: p. 541
The correct answer is: As with anything, the explanation of gender differences is complex and must take into account both biological and environmental factors.

Question 11

Five-year-old Anne likes to help with jobs around the house. Tonight, when she was clearing the dishes from the table, she dropped a stack of plates and broke them all. Her father scolded her and told her that she could help more by staying out of the way and letting her older brothers clear the table. If her father’s reaction is typical, Erikson would suggest that Anne is likely to develop
Select one:
a. feelings of inferiority.
b. a sense of initiative.
c. feelings of guilt.
d. a general sense of mistrust.

Answer 11

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REF: p. 504
The correct answer is: feelings of guilt.

Question 12

Ross is a shy, timid child who is uncomfortable around unfamiliar people. Based on the temperament categories outlined by Kagan, what type of temperament does Ross have?
Select one:
a. inhibited
b. slow-to-warm-up
c. uninhibited
d. easy

Answer 12

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REF: p. 499
The correct answer is: inhibited

Question 13

Which of the following is experienced by most couples in the empty-nest stage of the family life cycle?
Select one:
a. an eagerness to start a new family and looking forward to parenting
b. an increase in marital satisfaction
c. drifting apart and developing separate interests outside the home
d. post-parental depression

Answer 13

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REF: p. 528
The correct answer is: an increase in marital satisfaction

Question 14

Edwin has just started his third year in university, and he is still exploring the options for his major. He has taken a number of courses with the intention of obtaining a law degree, but last semester he also discovered he was very interested in geology. He feels it is important to reach a final decision before the end of the semester, and he has started investigating both career options in great detail. According to James Marcia, what state does this represent?
Select one:
a. foreclosure
b. moratorium
c. postponement
d. diffusion
torium

Answer 14

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REF: p. 523
The correct answer is: mora

Question 15

Gretchen watches as her preschool teacher forms two identical balls of modeling clay. The teacher gives one of the balls of clay to Gretchen, and then squashes the remaining ball into a flat pancake. She asks Gretchen whether they both have the same amount of clay, and Gretchen confidently states that the teacher has more because the pancake is wider than the ball. What thinking flaw does this example illustrate?
Select one:
a. egocentrism
b. assimilation
c. conservation
d. irreversibilty

Answer 15

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REF: p. 507
The correct answer is: conservation

Question 16

Brock was not sure what he wanted to do while he was in college, so he talked to the career counsellors last year. His profile showed a strong interest in both medicine and animals, so he got a part-time job at the local humane society. He also checked the requirements for veterinary school, and he has now completed six of the courses required for the veterinary program. He is convinced that this is the ideal career for him. According to James Marcia, what identity status does this represent?
Select one:
a. moratorium
b. diffusion
c. achievement
d. foreclosure

Answer 16

eedback
REF: p. 523
The correct answer is: achievement

Question 17

Timmy believes he can avoid getting older by not having any more birthday parties. Timmy is probably in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ stage of cognitive development.
Select one:
a. pre-operational
b. sensorimotor
c. formal operational
d. concrete operational

Answer 17

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REF: p. 507
The correct answer is: pre-operational

Question 18

Which of the following is MOST accurate regarding cross-cultural development of motor skills?
Select one:
a. Rates vary somewhat across cultures, suggesting that genetic factors can slow or accelerate early motor development.
b. Rates do not vary across cultures, suggesting that genetic factors alone determine early motor development.
c. Rates do not vary within cultures, suggesting that environmental factors alone determine early motor development.
d. Rates vary somewhat across cultures, suggesting that environmental factors can slow or accelerate early motor development.

Answer 18

Correct
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REF: p. 497
The correct answer is: Rates vary somewhat across cultures, suggesting that environmental factors can slow or accelerate early motor development.

Question 19

Nine-year–old Kyle likes to draw and paint. However, he doesn’t receive very good grades on his art projects, and several times his friends have laughed at the pictures Kyle has created. Based on Erikson’s theory, Kyle is likely to develop
Select one:
a. a sense of industry.
b. feelings of guilt.
c. a sense of despair.
d. feelings of inferiority.

Answer 19

Correct
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REF: p. 505
The correct answer is: feelings of inferiority.

Question 20

The local school board in Middletown has decided to introduce standardized assessment tests for all students in Grade 6. The test has separate sections for Math and English. Based on the research into gender differences in cognitive abilities, which of the following should you expect?
Select one:
a. Male students will score higher than female students on both sections.
b. Female students will score higher than male students on the Math section.
c. Female students will score higher than male students on both sections.
d. Female students will score higher than male students on the English section.

Answer 20

Correct
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REF: p. 537
The correct answer is: Female students will score higher than male students on the English section.

Question 21

Gordon hadn’t thought about the band “Spider Wings” for several months. However, as soon as Donovan mentioned it, Gordon instantly thought about the great time he had at their last concert. According to Freud, where in Gordon’s mind was the memory of the concert contained before Donovan mentioned “Spider Wings”?
Select one:
a. unconscious
b. subconscious
c. preconscious
d. conscious

Answer 21

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REF: p. 552
The correct answer is: preconscious

Question 22

Which of the following types of people is most likely to post very provocative items on Facebook to get attention and approval?
Select one:
a. narcissist
b. psychopath
c. introvert
d. extravert

Answer 22

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REF: p. 580
The correct answer is: narcissist

Question 23

Which of the following is predicted by terror management theory?
Select one:
a. People may avoid going to see a doctor to avoid thinking about illness.
b. People will have reduced self-esteem when they avoid thinking about illness.
c. People will be most likely to question their worldviews when mortality is salient.
d. People will become more open-minded when they are confronted with their mortality.

Answer 23

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REF: p. 581
The correct answer is: People may avoid going to see a doctor to avoid thinking about illness.

Question 24

Jose is one of the top baseball players in his league, but last week he struck out on an easy pitch. Afterward, he smashed the water cooler in the dugout with his bat. According to Freud, what defense mechanism is Jose using?
Select one:
a. displacement
b. rationalization
c. projection
d. reaction formation

Answer 24

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REF: p. 554
The correct answer is: displacement

Question 25

``` Which theoretical approach is considered to have the most optimistic view of human nature? Select one: a. behavioural b. psychoanalytic c. cognitive d. humanistic ```

Answer 25

Feedback REF: p. 566 The correct answer is: humanistic

Question 26

``` What is the term for the statistical procedure used by researchers to identify closely related clusters of variables? Select one: a. analysis of variance b. factor analysis c. deviation analysis d. chi-square ```

Answer 26

Feedback REF: p. 548 The correct answer is: factor analysis

Question 27

``` Scott has just been reprimanded by his supervisor. Later on, Scott begins to “stomp around” and throws a tantrum in front of his co-workers. Which defense mechanism is Scott using? Select one: a. rationalization b. regression c. projection d. a fixation ```

Answer 27

Feedback REF: p. 555 The correct answer is: regression

Question 28

``` Graham lost a lot of money on some bad investments in the stock market. Consequently, he had to trade his expensive luxury car for a smaller, more economical car. He has been telling all his coworkers that he made the switch to do his part to stop pollution. According to Freud, which defense mechanism is Graham using? Select one: a. projection b. rationalization c. reaction formation d. identification ```

Answer 28

Feedback REF: p. 554 The correct answer is: rationalization

Question 29

``` Ten-year-old Benjamin is often nervous about bringing report cards home to his parents. Although his parents say they love him, he feels that they really love him only when he obtains excellent grades in school. How does Benjamin perceive his parents’ affection, based on the theory developed by Carl Rogers? Select one: a. unconditional b. congruent c. incongruent d. conditional ```

Answer 29

Feedback REF: p. 567 The correct answer is: conditional

Question 30

``` When Braden was nine, he saw one of his classmates fall under the wheels of a school bus as it pulled away from the curb. Today, at the age of 34, he has no memory of the accident. The evening news carried a flashback of the accident that happened 25 years ago, and Braden still didn’t remember being at the scene when the accident happened. According to Freud, Braden’s memory of the accident is contained in his ___________________ mind. Select one: a. conscious b. subconscious c. unconscious d. preconscious ```

Answer 30

Feedback REF: p. 552 The correct answer is: unconscious

Question 31

``` Bruce attempts to make himself feel important by driving a European sports car, belonging to an exclusive tennis club, and eating at the best restaurants. Which defense mechanism might Bruce be using? Select one: a. displacement b. identification c. projection d. rationalization ```

Answer 31

Feedback REF: p. 555 The correct answer is: identification

Question 32

``` Molly is currently thinking about all the things she has to do before she goes to her first class. She is mentally making lists of all these things so she will remember to do them on her way to school. According to Freud, these thoughts are contained in Molly’s ________________ mind. Select one: a. conscious b. subconscious c. preconscious d. unconscious ```

Answer 32

Feedback REF: p. 552 The correct answer is: conscious

Question 33

``` Which theoretical orientation argues that psychology should study only observable behaviour? Select one: a. humanism b. rational-emotive c. behaviourism d. invasive ```

Answer 33

Feedback REF: p. 561 The correct answer is: behaviourism

Question 34

``` Todd was physically abused until the age of eight. He is now 40 years old and he has no memories of the early abuse that he experienced. According to Freud, what defense mechanism is Todd using? Select one: a. regression b. repression c. projection d. reaction formation ```

Answer 34

Feedback REF: p. 554 The correct answer is: repression

Question 35

``` Colton is completing a long personality inventory, and he doesn’t really want to take the time to read each of the questions in detail. Instead, he simply disagrees with all the statements. Which of the following describes Colton’s method of completing the personality inventory? Select one: a. a social desirability bias b. a negative response set c. a self-monitoring bias d. the use of deliberate deception ```

Answer 35

Feedback REF: p. 588 The correct answer is: a negative response set

Question 36

Which of the following is NOT a valid criticism of the five-factor model of personality? Select one: a. It overemphasizes the role of unconscious motivation in personality. b. More than five traits are necessary to account for the variation seen in human personality. c. It provides no insight into the causes or development of personality. d. It is limited by the number of specific traits that are measured in the first place.

Answer 36

Feedback REF: p. 550 The correct answer is: It overemphasizes the role of unconscious motivation in personality.

Question 37

``` Daria is typically very perky and upbeat, but today she got some very bad news about an old friend. She is behaving differently than usual; she is very distracted and is frowning. Everyone at her workplace knows that she’s having a rough time, and that she can’t be expected to be her usual bouncy self. They expect that she’ll be back to normal once she has a chance to deal with this difficult situation. Which of the following approaches is similar to the attitude of Daria’s coworkers? Select one: a. psychodynamic b. situational specificity c. interactionist d. behaviourist ```

Answer 37

Feedback REF: p. 565 The correct answer is: interactionist

Question 38

``` Which defense mechanism involves giving yourself a plausible excuse that hides the real reasons for your behaviour? Select one: a. regression b. reaction formation c. projection d. rationalization ```

Answer 38

Feedback REF: p. 554 The correct answer is: rationalization

Question 39

Natalie is eight years old. Her parents have always spoiled her and given her anything that she has asked for. Based on Adler’s theory of individual psychology, this parental pampering will cause Select one: a. a tendency for Natalie to be dominated by her superego as an adult. b. Natalie to have feelings of competence and self-sufficiency. c. Natalie to have a weak superego. d. Natalie to have exaggerated feelings of weakness and inadequacy.

Answer 39

Feedback REF: p. 559 The correct answer is: Natalie to have exaggerated feelings of weakness and inadequacy.

Question 40

Cole is deceitful and has a tendency to lie. What would a psychologist who holds a strong behavioural view toward personality development look for to explain this aspect of Cole’s personality? Select one: a. previous learning experiences and his history of reinforcement b. self-concept and his interactions with others c. role models d. unconsciously repressed feelings of anger and hostility

Answer 40

Feedback REF: p. 562 The correct answer is: previous learning experiences and his history of reinforcement

Question 41

Identify the Piagetian stage of cognitive development of the main character in the following illustration. Support your answer. Jeremy wanted a drink. His dad filled two glasses with juice: a tall, narrow cup and a short, wide cup. Jeremy hesitated briefly, and chose the tall cup because he thought it had more juice in it.

Answer 41

This is the pre-operative stage because Jeremy is exhibiting a trait where he does not recognize conservation. As a result he cannot comprehend how the cups potentially both hold exactly the same amount of liquid.

Question 42

Research on early emotional development has identified three primary patterns of attachment. Identify the pattern of attachment in the scenario below. Provide support for your answer. Melissa takes her one-year-old daughter Kathleen to visit a daycare centre in which she plans to enrol her. Kathleen appears very anxious and is unwilling to explore the playroom, even though Melissa is close by. When Melissa leaves the room to fill out some forms, Kathleen becomes extremely upset. When she returns, Kathleen clings to her leg and continues to sob.

Answer 42

Anxious-ambivalent. She is exhibiting anxiety even when her mother is close by, so she is not feeling secure. A secure bond would see the child with less anxiety when the mother was in the same room, and perhaps exhibit more of a willingness to explore. She clings to her mother when they reunite, which tells me that she is not in the avoidance category. This category would mean that the child would not be that motivated to reunite with the parent.

Question 43

Identify the stage of personality development, as proposed by Erikson, in the following scenario. Based on the information given, indicate what type of personality is likely to emerge. Provide support for your answer. Twenty-five-year-old Josephine feels very insecure about some of the personal and career choices she has made so far. Consequently, at this stage of her life, Josephine is unwilling to search for someone with whom she could have a serious, committed relationship.

Answer 43

Josephine is in the 1st stage of adulthood, where isolation/intimacy are the driving determinants She is likely to feel more isolated and have a difficult time creating intimate bonds She perhaps feels unworthy to get into a relationship because she is having a difficult time in other areas of her life. Perhaps she could use the support of an intimate partner to get her through this confusing time, but is electing instead to go at it alone. This may lead to a greater sense of independence in the long run, or just keep causing her to have difficulty in relationship.

Question 44

Identify which personality theory is illustrated in the following example. Note that more than one theory may apply. Support your answer. Dr. Phillips is trying to discover why some teenagers steal from their parents. He frequently talks to teens who have been reported to have stolen from their parents. He asks them about their earliest memories of their relationship with their parents and the extent to which they felt loved and accepted by their parents.

Answer 44

The fact that the doctor is asking the patient about "the extent to which they felt loved and accepted by their parents" tells me that he is measuring the amount of conditional vs. unconditional love present in the patient's upbringing. This harkens to Carl Roger's Humanistic theory of self-concept. A person who has been brought up with unconditional love is more likely to have a congruent personality, with less anxiety and less reason to misbehave, especially towards the parents; more so than one who was raised with conditional love–>incongruent sense of self–>more anxiety/lashing out. On the other hand, the fact that the doctor is asking about early relationships with parents may indicate that Freudian psychoanalysis is at play. Perhaps the teen has an unresolved Oedipal complex, or Elektra complex and is mad at the parent of the same sex, so is lashing out at them by stealing from them...